{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T20:01:36Z","timestamp":1787256096815,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum antibodies to muscle specific kinase (MuSK) are present in a proportion of patients with acetylcholine receptor antibody seronegative myasthenia gravis (SNMG), but their reported frequencies in different populations vary. From 2002, serum samples were sent to Oxford for MuSK antibody testing from 35 centres in 6 continents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>MuSK antibodies were identified in 143\/465 (30.8%) previously untested SNMG sera. They were not identified in 147 adult acetylcholine receptor antibody positive patients or in 63 adult ocular MG patients. As expected from subsequent reports, the MuSK antibody positive patients differed in gender, clinical severity, bulbar predominance and treatment requirements from the 322\/465 (69.2%) MuSK antibody negative SNMG patients, but they were improved following the more aggressive treatments received, although still showing bulbar predominance. Similar features were seen in the 42 childhood cases tested (17\/42 (40%) MuSK-Ab positive from 18 centres); although numbers were small there was bulbar predominance that persisted after the treatments that were more extensive than those given to the juvenile SNMG patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Although found in each continent, MuSK-MG showed an unexpected and surprising distribution. The frequency of MuSK-Abs within individual centres varied in the Northern Hemisphere with a clear north-south gradient from 0% to 47% in Europe and North America. There were fewer cohorts from Asia but data from 11 publications, including five from East and South East Asia, confirmed a latitudinal distribution of MuSK-Ab frequency consistent with a Gaussian curve peaking at 40 degrees North, and trending towards very low frequencies above this latitude in Europe and below this latitude in South East Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, MuSK-Abs, that are predominantly IgG4 rather than IgG1 subclass, show a striking and unexpected relationship with latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. The results raise interesting questions regarding the environmental and genetic factors involved, with possible relevance also for the increasing number of IgG4 antibody-mediated neurological disorders, including forms of neuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awag215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:40:45Z","timestamp":1782229245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relative frequencies of muscle specific kinase antibody myasthenia in 46 centres worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , OX3 9DU 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,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talma","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 91120 \u00a0","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Chalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University , Quebec H3G 1A4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thashi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Colombo , 00800 Colombo ,","place":["Sri Lanka"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hou-Chang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital , New Taipei City, Taipei 11031 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Corbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Bridgetown, BB11155 \u00a0","place":["Barbados"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) , 08041 Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER ), Barcelona 08041 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T\u00fcbingen , T\u00fcbingen 72076 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakatsu","family":"Motomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science , Nagasaki , 852-8521","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahriar","family":"Nafissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran 1411713135 \u00a0","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nicolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University and London Health Sciences Centre , London, Ontario, N6A 5A5 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