{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T07:54:22Z","timestamp":1793260462928,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T20:13:53Z","timestamp":1238616833000},"page":"1175-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1293,"title":["The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Josa M.","family":"Frischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Bramow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assunta","family":"Dal-Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia F.","family":"Lucchinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Rauschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Schmidbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Soelberg","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Lassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20550","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.3.393","article-title":"Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction","volume":"192","author":"Babbe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21148","article-title":"Astrocytes are a specific immunological target in Rasmussen's encephalitis","volume":"62","author":"Bauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036566.00866.26","article-title":"Axonal damage in the spinal cord of MS patients occurs largely independent of T2 MRI lesions","volume":"59","author":"Bergers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000178984.30534.f9","article-title":"MRI as a marker for disease heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Bielekova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200012)48:6<893::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"48","author":"Bjartmar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms917oa","article-title":"Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Bo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380514","article-title":"Monocyte\/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"38","author":"Bruck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B9","volume-title":"Lecons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux faites a la Salpetriere","author":"Charcot","year":"1880"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10326","article-title":"Thalamic neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Cifelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199909)46:3<296::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Coles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21240","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"63","author":"Dal-Bianco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl074","article-title":"The contribution of demyelination to axonal loss in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"DeLuca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02870551","article-title":"\u00dcber De- und Regenerationserscheinungen an Achsenzylindern bei der multiplen Sklerose","volume":"27","author":"Doinikow","year":"1915","journal-title":"Z ges Neurol Psych"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh323","article-title":"Pathological study of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis suggests limited role of local lesions","volume":"128","author":"Evangelou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.3.393","article-title":"Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"120","author":"Ferguson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-5004-5","article-title":"MRI evidence for multiple sclerosis as a diffuse disease of the central nervous system","volume":"252","author":"Filippi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.9.1409","article-title":"European study on intravenous immunoglobulin in multiple sclerosis: results of magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging analysis","volume":"61","author":"Filippi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00303-8","article-title":"The effect of cladribine on T(1) \u2018black hole\u2019 changes in progressive MS","volume":"176","author":"Filippi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21113","article-title":"Imaging correlates of axonal swelling in chronic multiple sclerosis brains","volume":"62","author":"Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1461","article-title":"The application of multifactorial cluster analysis in the staging of plaques in early multiple sclerosis. Identification and characterization of the primary demyelinating lesion","volume":"120","author":"Gay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000235119.52311.16","article-title":"Dysferlin is a new marker for leaky brain blood vessels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Hochmeister","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199710)183:2<237::AID-PATH893>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"A highly sensitive detection method for immunohistochemistry using biotinylated tyramine","volume":"183","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00547.x","article-title":"Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note","volume":"9","author":"Kornek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64537-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions","volume":"157","author":"Kornek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041674","article-title":"BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"201","author":"Krumbholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf235","article-title":"Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time","volume":"125","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh641","article-title":"Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Kutzelnigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.269","article-title":"Changes of beta-amyloid precursor protein after compression trauma to the spinal cord: an experimental study in the rat using immunohistochemistry","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.2.308","article-title":"Axonal changes in chronic demyelinated cervical spinal cord plaques","volume":"123","author":"Lovas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Lublin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp046","article-title":"Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis","volume-title":"Brain","author":"Mahad"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","article-title":"Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology","volume":"130","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B35","first-page":"211","article-title":"Die sogenannte akute Multiple Sklerose","volume":"27","author":"Marburg","year":"1906","journal-title":"Jahrbuch Psychiatrie"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.032","article-title":"Compartmentalization of inflammation in the CNS: A major mechanism driving progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"274","author":"Meinl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20890","article-title":"B lineage cells in the inflammatory central nervous system environment: migration, maintenance, local antibody production, and therapeutic modulation","volume":"59","author":"Meinl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2256","article-title":"The effect of interferon beta-1b treatment on MRI measures of cerebral atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"123","author":"Molyneux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1123","article-title":"Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"50","author":"Peterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B40","first-page":"555","article-title":"The demyelinating potential of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is related to their ability to fix complement","volume":"143","author":"Piddlesden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1988.tb01341.x","article-title":"Increased diameter of demyelinated axons in chronic multiple sclerosis of the spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Shintaku","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199805000-00009","article-title":"Alzheimer disease: DNA fragmentation indicates increased neuronal vulnerability, but not apoptosis","volume":"57","author":"Stadelmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?","volume":"31","author":"Trapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","article-title":"Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Trapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21361","article-title":"Axonal dysfunction in chronic multiple sclerosis: meltdown in the membrane","volume":"63","author":"Waxman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237551.26858.39","article-title":"Neocortical neuronal, synaptic, and glial loss in multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Wegner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019130","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: current understanding and controversies","volume":"28","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170424183121_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79020-7","article-title":"Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/132\/5\/1175\/13735307\/awp070.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T19:47:27Z","timestamp":1503431247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/brain\/awp070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp070","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1164508.1865071","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1164508.626272","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1164508.793476683","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1460-2156","0006-8950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]}}}