{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:18:30Z","timestamp":1791299910539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":402,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association Fran\u00e7aise du Syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette"},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual European Fellowship","award":["PIEF-GA-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIEF-GA-2012"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual European Fellowship","award":["328822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["328822"]}]},{"name":"Agence R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Ile de France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tics are sometimes described as voluntary movements performed in an automatic or habitual way. Here, we addressed the question of balance between goal-directed and habitual behavioural control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and formally tested the hypothesis of enhanced habit formation in these patients. To this aim, we administered a three-stage instrumental learning paradigm to 17 unmedicated and 17 antipsychotic-medicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and matched controls. In the first stage of the task, participants learned stimulus-response-outcome associations. The subsequent outcome devaluation and \u2018slip-of-action\u2019 tests allowed evaluation of the participants\u2019 capacity to flexibly adjust their behaviour to changes in action outcome value. In this task, unmedicated patients relied predominantly on habitual, outcome-insensitive behavioural control. Moreover, in these patients, the engagement in habitual responses correlated with more severe tics. Medicated patients performed at an intermediate level between unmedicated patients and controls. Using diffusion tensor imaging on a subset of patients, we also addressed whether the engagement in habitual responding was related to structural connectivity within cortico-striatal networks. We showed that engagement in habitual behaviour in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome correlated with greater structural connectivity within the right motor cortico-striatal network. In unmedicated patients, stronger structural connectivity of the supplementary motor cortex with the sensorimotor putamen predicted more severe tics. Overall, our results indicate enhanced habit formation in unmedicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Aberrant reinforcement signals to the sensorimotor striatum may be fundamental for the formation of stimulus-response associations and may contribute to the habitual behaviour and tics of this syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T16:41:21Z","timestamp":1445532081000},"page":"605-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Delorme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 47 boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience - INSERM U894, 2 ter Rue d'Al\u00e9sia \u2013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 29 rue d\u2019Ulm, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Valabr\u00e8gue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Roze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, 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France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 47 boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, Paris, France"},{"name":"French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 47 boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Worbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 47 boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, Paris, France"},{"name":"French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, 47 boulevard de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019071112554649500_awv307-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22793","article-title":"Similar striatal D2\/D3 dopamine receptor availability in adults with Tourette syndrome compared with healthy 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