{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:00:54Z","timestamp":1790949654898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P008747\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P008747\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship","award":["983 705\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["983 705\/Z\/10\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T15:12:43Z","timestamp":1547737963000},"page":"1471-1482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The ease and sureness of a decision: evidence accumulation of conflict and uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Alekhya","family":"Mandali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Level E4, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Weidacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Level E4, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Goo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Level E4, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Voon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Level E4, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.06.002","article-title":"Aberrant error processing in relation to symptom severity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a multimodal neuroimaging study","volume":"5","author":"Agam","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)86748-X","article-title":"DSM-IH-R psychotic disorders: procedural validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Concordance and causes for discordance with the CIDI","volume":"13","author":"Amorim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.303","article-title":"Evidence accumulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of uncertainty and monetary reward on perceptual decision-making thresholds","volume":"40","author":"Banca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B4","volume-title":"Manual for the revised Beck depression inventory","author":"Beck","year":"1987"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.04.010","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to the impaired behavioral adaptation in alcohol dependence","volume":"15","author":"Beylergil","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw350","article-title":"Distinct roles for the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices during conflict between abstract rules","volume":"27","author":"Boschin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22035","article-title":"Increased error\u2010related brain activity in youth with obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder and unaffected siblings","volume":"30","author":"Carrasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006849","article-title":"Frontal dysfunction in neurologically normal chronic alcoholic subjects: metabolic and neuropsychological findings","volume":"28","author":"Dao-Castellana","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.006","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanism of uncertainty and doubt in obsessive-compulsive checkers","volume":"35","author":"Dar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.027","article-title":"Model-based influences on humans\u2019 choices and striatal prediction errors","volume":"69","author":"Daw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.001","article-title":"Overactive performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: ERP evidence from correct and erroneous reactions","volume":"46","author":"Endrass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00699","article-title":"Active inference, evidence accumulation, and the urn task","volume":"27","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033645","article-title":"Sequential sampling models in cognitive neuroscience: advantages, applications, and extensions","volume":"67","author":"Forstmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2006.03.006","article-title":"Hold your horses: a dynamic computational role for the subthalamic nucleus in decision making","volume":"19","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2036-14.2015","article-title":"fMRI and EEG predictors of dynamic decision parameters during human reinforcement learning","volume":"35","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146157","article-title":"Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism","volume":"318","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002786","article-title":"A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Gillan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01380.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls","volume":"101","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.11.001","article-title":"Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: distrusting perception, attention and memory","volume":"46","author":"Hermans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.985635","article-title":"A Bayesian hierarchical diffusion model decomposition of performance in Approach\u2013Avoidance Tasks","volume":"29","author":"Krypotos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1645-x","article-title":"Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling","volume":"207","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02533.x","article-title":"Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision\u2010making with alcohol\u2010dependent individuals","volume":"104","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.5.798","article-title":"Psychological interpretation of the ex-Gaussian and shifted Wald parameters: a diffusion model analysis","volume":"16","author":"Matzke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.208","article-title":"Biases in the explore\u2013exploit tradeoff in addictions: the role of avoidance of uncertainty","volume":"41","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.07.031","article-title":"Perceptual decision neurosciences\u2013a model-based review","volume":"277","author":"Mulder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.09.010","article-title":"Doubt and the decision-making process in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"96","author":"Nestadt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2014.07.005","article-title":"Indecision and the construction of self","volume":"125","author":"Newark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00418.x","article-title":"Genuine episodic memory deficits and executive dysfunctions in alcoholic subjects early in abstinence","volume":"31","author":"Pitel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.08.011","article-title":"Decision-making under uncertainty in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"69","author":"Pushkarskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B30","first-page":"120","article-title":"Overactive error-related brain activity as a candidate endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from unaffected first-degree relatives (vol 168, pg 317, 2011)","volume":"171","author":"Riesel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10030416","article-title":"Overactive error-related brain activity as a candidate endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from unaffected first-degree relatives","volume":"168","author":"Riesel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003597","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Riesel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2013.06.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive symptom expression","volume":"44","author":"Sarawgi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.09.012","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive tendencies are related to indecisiveness and reliance on feedback in a neutral color judgment task","volume":"43","author":"Sarig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20980","article-title":"Fronto\u2010cingulate effective connectivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: a study with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling","volume":"31","author":"Schl\u00f6sser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0152","article-title":"Explicit neural signals reflecting reward uncertainty","volume":"363","author":"Schultz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353","article-title":"Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit","volume":"64","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol)"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B38","first-page":"6","article-title":"Assessment of state and trait anxiety: conceptual and methodological issues","volume":"2","author":"Spielberger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Southern Psychol"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8032","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4729-09.2010","article-title":"Updating beliefs for a decision: neural correlates of uncertainty and underconfidence","volume":"30","author":"Stern","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22038","article-title":"Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B41","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: an introduction","author":"Sutton","year":"1998"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B42","volume-title":"JASP(Version 0.8.3.1)[Computer software]","author":"Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.08.004","article-title":"Uncertainty, checking, and intolerance of uncertainty in subclinical obsessive compulsive disorder: an extended replication","volume":"3","author":"Toffolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.24411","article-title":"Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Ursu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00097-9","article-title":"Phenomenological validity of an OCD-memory model and the remember\/know distinction","volume":"41","author":"van den Hout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00012-8","article-title":"Repeated checking causes memory distrust","volume":"41","author":"van den Hout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2004.04.007","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and the paradoxical effects of perseverative behaviour on experienced uncertainty","volume":"35","author":"van den Hout","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2435-9","article-title":"A diffusion model decomposition of the effects of alcohol on perceptual decision making","volume":"219","author":"van Ravenzwaaij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00122-8","article-title":"Predicting events of varying probability: uncertainty investigated by fMRI","volume":"19","author":"Volz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.10.028","article-title":"Why am I unsure? Internal and external attributions of uncertainty dissociated by fMRI","volume":"21","author":"Volz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.44","article-title":"Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits","volume":"20","author":"Voon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww309","article-title":"Decisional impulsivity and the associative-limbic subthalamic nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: stimulation and connectivity","volume":"140","author":"Voon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30004-2","article-title":"Impulse control disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an update","volume":"16","author":"Voon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000218","article-title":"Diffusion models in experimental psychology","volume":"60","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1323-7","article-title":"Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: example applications with JASP","volume":"25","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1343-3","article-title":"Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: theoretical advantages and practical ramifications","volume":"25","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000019","article-title":"Neural indicators of error processing in generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder","volume":"124","author":"Weinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00014","article-title":"HDDM: hierarchical Bayesian estimation of the drift-diffusion model in Python","volume":"7","author":"Wiecki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5815-11.2012","article-title":"Neuronal activity in the human subthalamic nucleus encodes decision conflict during action selection","volume":"32","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2019042904532754900_awz013-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00142","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and altered engagement of brain networks in risky decisions","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/142\/5\/1471\/28538144\/awz013.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T04:55:02Z","timestamp":1556513702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/142\/5\/1471\/5307604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}