{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:07:57Z","timestamp":1790359677947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,21]],"date-time":"2019-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inclusion Body Myositis Foundation, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion body myositis is a late onset treatment-refractory autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle associated with a blood autoantibody (anti-cN1A), an HLA autoimmune haplotype, and muscle pathology characterized by cytotoxic CD8+ T cell destruction of myofibres. Here, we report on translational studies of inclusion body myositis patient muscle compared with a diverse set of other muscle disease samples. Using available microarray data on 411 muscle samples from patients with inclusion body myositis (n = 40), other muscle diseases (n = 265), and without neuromuscular disease (normal, n = 106), we identified a signature of T-cell cytotoxicity in inclusion body myositis muscle coupled with a signature of highly differentiated CD8 T-cell effector memory and terminally differentiated effector cells. Further, we examined killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) as a marker of this population of cells, demonstrated the correlation of KLRG1 gene expression with lymphocyte cytotoxicity across 28 870 human tissue samples, and identified the presence of KLRG1 on pathogenic inclusion body myositis muscle invading T cells and an increase in KLRG1 expressing T cells in inclusion body myositis blood. We examined inclusion body myositis muscle T-cell proliferation by Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrating that diseased muscle-invading T cells are minimally or non-proliferative, in accordance with known properties of highly differentiated or terminally differentiated T cells. We found low expression of KLRG1 on infection-protective human lymphoid tissue central memory T cells and autoimmune-protective human blood regulatory T cells. Targeting highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells could be a favourable approach to treatment of inclusion body myositis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T18:30:24Z","timestamp":1561487424000},"page":"2590-2604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Highly differentiated cytotoxic T cells in inclusion body myositis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Steven A","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack L","family":"Pinkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sek Won","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Baecher-Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony A","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Dorfman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091012321987700_awz207-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2959","article-title":"Are senescence and exhaustion intertwined or unrelated processes that compromise immunity?","volume":"11","author":"Akbar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2019091012321987700_awz207-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029979","article-title":"Expression profiling of human immune cell subsets identifies miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships correlated with cell type specific expression","volume":"7","author":"Allantaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019091012321987700_awz207-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088788","article-title":"Th1 response and systemic treg deficiency in inclusion body myositis","volume":"9","author":"Allenbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"2019091012321987700_awz207-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.10.2030","article-title":"Clonal restriction of T-cell receptor expression by infiltrating lymphocytes in inclusion body myositis persists over time. 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