{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:01:52Z","timestamp":1790805712087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"NIDCD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC014021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC014021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"NIDCD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DC014664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DC014664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"NIDCD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DC05375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DC05375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"NIDCD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DC014435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC014435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-fluent speech is one of the most common impairments in post-stroke aphasia. The rehabilitation of non-fluent speech in aphasia is particularly challenging as patients are rarely able to produce and practice fluent speech production. Speech entrainment is a behavioural technique that enables patients with non-fluent aphasia to speak fluently. However, its mechanisms are not well understood and the level of improved fluency with speech entrainment varies among individuals with non-fluent aphasia. In this study, we evaluated the behavioural and neuroanatomical factors associated with better speech fluency with the aid of speech entrainment during the training phase of speech entrainment. We used a lesion-symptom mapping approach to define the relationship between chronic stroke location on MRI and the number of different words per second produced during speech entrainment versus picture description spontaneous speech. The behavioural variable of interest was the speech entrainment\/picture description ratio, which, if \u22651, indicated an increase in speech output during speech entrainment compared to picture description. We used machine learning (shallow neural network) to assess the statistical significance and out-of-sample predictive accuracy of the neuroanatomical model, and its regional contributors. We observed that better assisted speech (higher speech entrainment\/picture description ratio) was achieved by individuals who had preservation of the posterior middle temporal gyrus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, while exhibiting lesions in areas typically associated with non-fluent aphasia, such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus, precentral, inferior frontal, supramarginal and insular cortices. Our findings suggest that individuals with dorsal stream damage but preservation of ventral stream structures are more likely to achieve more fluent speech with the aid of speech entrainment compared to spontaneous speech. This observation provides insight into the mechanisms of non-fluent speech in aphasia and has potential implications for future research using speech entrainment for rehabilitation of non-fluent aphasia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1568388624000},"page":"3951-3962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Neural structures supporting spontaneous and assisted (entrained) speech fluency"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bonilha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argye E","family":"Hillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Phipps 446, 600 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Wilmskoetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Hickok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, 3151 Social Sciences Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Basilakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Munsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Rorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Fridriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx169","article-title":"Temporal lobe networks supporting the comprehension of spoken words","volume":"140","author":"Bonilha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004137","article-title":"Assessing the clinical effect of residual cortical disconnection after ischemic strokes","volume":"45","author":"Bonilha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S953","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0152","article-title":"Stability of word-retrieval errors with the aphasiabank stimuli","volume":"24","author":"Boyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B4","first-page":"CD000425","article-title":"Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke","volume":"5","author":"Brady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30067-3","article-title":"Intensive speech and language therapy in patients with chronic aphasia after stroke: a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, controlled trial in a health-care setting","volume":"389","author":"Breitenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.05.001","article-title":"What is a disconnection syndrome?","volume":"44","author":"Catani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0204-17.2017","article-title":"Mapping language networks using the structural and dynamic brain connectomes","volume":"4","author":"Del Gaizo","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.238","article-title":"Atlas-based analysis of neurodevelopment from infancy to adulthood using diffusion tensor imaging and applications for automated abnormality detection","volume":"52","author":"Faria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2017.1394834","article-title":"Non-fluent speech following stroke is caused by impaired efference copy","volume":"34","author":"Feenaughty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu113","article-title":"Anatomical predictors of aphasia recovery: a tractography study of bilateral perisylvian language networks","volume":"137 (Pt 7)","author":"Forkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.013","article-title":"Speech entrainment compensates for Broca's area damage","volume":"69","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx363","article-title":"Anatomy of aphasia revisited","volume":"141","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu152","article-title":"Chronic broca's aphasia is caused by damage to broca's and wernicke's areas","volume":"25","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws301","article-title":"Speech entrainment enables patients with Broca's aphasia to produce fluent speech","volume":"135 (Pt 12)","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045091","article-title":"Argument structure and morphological factors in noun and verb processing: an fMRI study","volume":"7","author":"Garbin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3961.940","article-title":"The Organization of Language and the Brain: Language disorders after brain damage help in elucidating the neural basis of verbal behavior","volume":"170","author":"Geschwind","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(75)80083-6","article-title":"The retrieval of syntax in Broca's aphasia","volume":"2","author":"Gleason","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B18","volume-title":"The organization of behavior; a neuropsychological theory","author":"Hebb","year":"1949"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.019","article-title":"Diffusion-tensor imaging of major white matter tracts and their role in language processing in aphasia","volume":"85","author":"Ivanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B20","first-page":"CD000425","article-title":"Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke","volume":"2010","author":"Kelly","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B21","volume-title":"The Western Aphasia Battery - Revised","author":"Kertesz","year":"2007"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws354","article-title":"Damage to ventral and dorsal language pathways in acute aphasia","volume":"136","author":"Kummerer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1372754","article-title":"Selection of intrinsic horizontal connections in the visual cortex by correlated neuronal activity","volume":"255","author":"Lowel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.10.006","article-title":"Pure word deafness following left temporal damage: behavioral and neuroanatomical evidence from a new case","volume":"97","author":"Maffei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B25","first-page":"317","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke hemiparesis and other disabilities","volume":"22","author":"Mark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.002","article-title":"Enantiomorphic normalization of focally lesioned brains","volume":"39","author":"Nachev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B27","first-page":"23","volume-title":"The characteristics of aphasia","author":"Poeck","year":"1989"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.020","article-title":"Age-specific CT and MRI templates for spatial normalization","volume":"61","author":"Rorden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3804.462","article-title":"A treatment for apraxia of speech in adults","volume":"38","author":"Rosenbek","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805234105","article-title":"Ventral and dorsal pathways for language","volume":"105","author":"Saur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.09.002","article-title":"Differential cortical contribution of syntax and semantics: an fMRI study on two-word phrasal processing","volume":"96","author":"Schell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B32","first-page":"241","article-title":"The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Taub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1753","article-title":"Neural correlates of verb argument structure processing","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21334","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of verb argument structure processing in agrammatic aphasic and healthy age-matched listeners","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.02.003","article-title":"Training verb argument structure production in agrammatic aphasia: behaviorbehavioural and neural recovery patterns","volume":"49","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq369","article-title":"Left inferior frontal cortex and syntax: function, structure and behaviour in patients with left hemisphere damage","volume":"134","author":"Tyler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.038","article-title":"Perception drives production across sensory modalities: a network for sensorimotor integration of visual speech","volume":"126","author":"Venezia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00054","article-title":"White matter correlates of auditory comprehension outcomes in chronic post-stroke aphasia","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2020080514503351700_awz309-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318780351","article-title":"Behavioral effects of chronic gray and white matter stroke lesions in a functionally defined connectome for naming","volume":"32","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"}],"container-title":["Brain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/142\/12\/3951\/33570236\/awz309.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article-pdf\/142\/12\/3951\/33570236\/awz309.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T14:51:16Z","timestamp":1596639076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/142\/12\/3951\/5580594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz309","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.736705267.793571370","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-8950","1460-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]}}}