{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:42:24Z","timestamp":1781534544586,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current model of the basal ganglia system based on the \u2018direct\u2019, \u2018indirect\u2019 and \u2018hyperdirect\u2019 pathways provides striking predictions about basal ganglia function that have been used to develop deep brain stimulation approaches for Parkinson\u2019s disease and dystonia. The aim of this review is to challenge this scheme in light of new tract tracing information that has recently become available from the human brain using MRI-based tractography, thus providing a novel perspective on the basal ganglia system. We also explore the implications of additional direct pathways running from cortex to basal ganglia and between basal ganglia and cerebellum in the pathophysiology of movement disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T11:17:28Z","timestamp":1570015048000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["New insights into cortico-basal-cerebellar connectome: clinical and physiological considerations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrio","family":"Milardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u2018Bonino Pulejo\u2019, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Felice","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sophie Davis School for Biomedical Education at CCNY, CUNY, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Calamuneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u2018Bonino Pulejo\u2019, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetana","family":"Chillemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u2018Bonino Pulejo\u2019, Messina, 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