{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:12Z","timestamp":1792805832324,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":372,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"NINDS Intramural Program","award":["Z01 NS003031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01 NS003031"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease and other parkinsonisms. The various clinical aspects related to bradykinesia and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bradykinesia are, however, still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and experimental studies on bradykinesia performed in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and atypical parkinsonism. We also review studies on animal experiments dealing with pathophysiological aspects of the parkinsonian state. In Parkinson\u2019s disease, bradykinesia is characterized by slowness, the reduced amplitude of movement, and sequence effect. These features are also present in atypical parkinsonisms, but the sequence effect is not common. Levodopa therapy improves bradykinesia, but treatment variably affects the bradykinesia features and does not significantly modify the sequence effect. Findings from animal and patients demonstrate the role of the basal ganglia and other interconnected structures, such as the primary motor cortex and cerebellum, as well as the contribution of abnormal sensorimotor processing. Bradykinesia should be interpreted as arising from network dysfunction. A better understanding of bradykinesia pathophysiology will serve as the new starting point for clinical and experimental purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T07:42:24Z","timestamp":1571038944000},"page":"727-750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":257,"title":["Evolving concepts on bradykinesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bologna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1481","article-title":"Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease and dystonia","volume":"115","author":"Agostino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090305","article-title":"Analysis of repetitive and nonrepetitive sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Agostino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21887","article-title":"Voluntary, spontaneous, and reflex blinking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Agostino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10313","article-title":"Impairment of individual finger movements in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Agostino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000468","article-title":"Disruptions in the reach-to-grasp actions of Parkinson\u2019s patients","volume":"134","author":"Alberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","article-title":"The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders","volume":"12","author":"Albin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000249326.65227.2e","article-title":"The ratio of square wave jerk rates to blink rates distinguishes progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson disease","volume":"26","author":"Altiparmak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.09.004","article-title":"Neuromodulation targets pathological not physiological beta bursts during gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Anidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration","volume":"80","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11489","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2348-16.2016","article-title":"Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition","volume":"36","author":"Aron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.199","article-title":"Temporal discrimination is abnormal in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Artieda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20778","article-title":"Plasticity of the motor cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients on and off therapy","volume":"21","author":"Bagnato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2021061520424738200_awz344-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(81)90109-X","article-title":"Classification of extrapyramidal disorders. 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