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In this context, interpreting clinical neuroimaging can be complicated by the typical changes in brain contrast, size and gyrification occurring in the background to any pathology. To model and describe this evolving background in brain shape and contrast, we used a Bayesian regression technique, Gaussian process regression, adapted to multiple correlated outputs. Using MRI, we simultaneously estimated brain tissue intensity on T1- and T2-weighted scans as well as local tissue shape in a large cohort of 408 neonates scanned cross-sectionally across the perinatal period. The resulting model provided a continuous estimate of brain shape and intensity, appropriate to age at scan, degree of prematurity and sex. Next, we investigated the clinical utility of this model to detect focal white matter injury. In individual neonates, we calculated deviations of a neonate\u2019s observed MRI from that predicted by the model to detect punctate white matter lesions with very good accuracy (area under the curve &amp;gt; 0.95). To investigate longitudinal consistency of the model, we calculated model deviations in 46 neonates who were scanned on a second occasion. These infants\u2019 voxelwise deviations from the model could be used to identify them from the other 408 images in 83% (T2-weighted) and 76% (T1-weighted) of cases, indicating an anatomical fingerprint. Our approach provides accurate estimates of non-linear changes in brain tissue intensity and shape with clear potential for radiological use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T15:16:44Z","timestamp":1576595804000},"page":"467-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Modelling brain development to detect white matter injury in term and preterm born neonates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"143","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"O'Muircheartaigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma C","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximillian","family":"Pietsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wolfers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Aljabar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilio Cordero","family":"Grande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui P A G","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Bozek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schuh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Makropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafnis","family":"Batalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Hutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Vecchiato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes K","family":"Steinweg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Fitzgibbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, 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Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Reuckert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph V","family":"Hajnal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena J","family":"Counsell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A David","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Developing Brain, School Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022209592944200_awz412-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.030","article-title":"Novel surface features for automated detection of focal cortical dysplasias in paediatric 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