{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:32:54Z","timestamp":1790379174160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":147,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N00373X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N00373X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, which receives its funding from DRI Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat within exon 1 of the HTT gene, which is unstable, leading to further expansion, the extent of which is brain region and peripheral tissue specific. The identification of DNA repair genes as genetic modifiers of Huntington\u2019s disease, that were known to abrogate somatic instability in Huntington\u2019s disease mouse models, demonstrated that somatic CAG expansion is central to disease pathogenesis, and that the CAG repeat threshold for pathogenesis in specific brain cells might not be known. We have previously shown that the HTT gene is incompletely spliced generating a small transcript that encodes the highly pathogenic exon 1 HTT protein. The longer the CAG repeat, the more of this toxic fragment is generated, providing a pathogenic consequence for somatic expansion. Here, we have used the R6\/2 mouse model to investigate the molecular and behavioural consequences of expressing exon 1 HTT with 90 CAGs, a mutation that causes juvenile Huntington\u2019s disease, compared to R6\/2 mice carrying \u223c200 CAGs, a repeat expansion of a size rarely found in Huntington\u2019s disease patient\u2019s blood, but which has been detected in post-mortem brains as a consequence of somatic CAG repeat expansion. We show that nuclear aggregation occurred earlier in R6\/2(CAG)90 mice and that this correlated with the onset of transcriptional dysregulation. Whereas in R6\/2(CAG)200 mice, cytoplasmic aggregates accumulated rapidly and closely tracked with the progression of behavioural phenotypes and with end-stage disease. We find that aggregate species formed in the R6\/2(CAG)90 brains have different properties to those in the R6\/2(CAG)200 mice. Within the nucleus, they retain a diffuse punctate appearance throughout the course of the disease, can be partially solubilized by detergents and have a greater seeding potential in young mice. In contrast, aggregates from R6\/2(CAG)200 brains polymerize into larger structures that appear as inclusion bodies. These data emphasize that a subcellular analysis, using multiple complementary approaches, must be undertaken in order to draw any conclusions about the relationship between HTT aggregation and the onset and progression of disease phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T05:10:05Z","timestamp":1590556205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Subcellular Localization And Formation Of Huntingtin Aggregates Correlates With Symptom Onset And Progression In A Huntington\u2019S Disease Model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Landles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadira","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Flomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5568-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Flower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3320-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casandra","family":"Gomez-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8217-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie K","family":"Bondulich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina F","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Salsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline L","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"LoQus23 Therapeutics, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirupa","family":"Sathasivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich E","family":"Wanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian P","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen 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