{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:20:23Z","timestamp":1789082423434,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":160,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Finnish Academy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["275352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["275352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Finnish Academy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["314497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Resting-state functional MRI has shown potential for detecting changes in cerebral blood oxygen level-dependent signal in patients with epilepsy, even in the absence of epileptiform activity. Furthermore, it has been suggested that coefficient of variation mapping of fast functional MRI signal may provide a powerful tool for the identification of intrinsic brain pulsations in neurological diseases such as dementia, stroke and epilepsy. In this study, we used fast functional MRI sequence (magnetic resonance encephalography) to acquire ten whole-brain images per second. We used the functional MRI data to compare physiological brain pulsations between healthy controls (n\u2009=\u2009102) and patients with epilepsy (n\u2009=\u200933) and furthermore to drug-naive seizure patients (n\u2009=\u20099). Analyses were performed by calculating coefficient of variation and spectral power in full band and filtered sub-bands. Brain pulsations in the respiratory-related frequency sub-band (0.11\u20130.51\u2009Hz) were significantly (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) increased in patients with epilepsy, with an increase in both signal variance and power. At the individual level, over 80% of medicated and drug-naive seizure patients exhibited areas of abnormal brain signal power that correlated well with the known clinical diagnosis, while none of the controls showed signs of abnormality with the same threshold. The differences were most apparent in the basal brain structures, respiratory centres of brain stem, midbrain and temporal lobes. Notably, full-band, very low frequency (0.01\u20130.1\u2009Hz) and cardiovascular (0.8\u20131.76\u2009Hz) brain pulses showed no differences between groups. This study extends and confirms our previous results of abnormal fast functional MRI signal variance in epilepsy patients. Only respiratory-related brain pulsations were clearly increased with no changes in either physiological cardiorespiratory rates or head motion between the subjects. The regional alterations in brain pulsations suggest that mechanisms driving the cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis may be altered in epilepsy. Magnetic resonance encephalography has both increased sensitivity and high specificity for detecting the increased brain pulsations, particularly in times when other tools for locating epileptogenic areas remain inconclusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T03:35:26Z","timestamp":1591673726000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Respiratory-related brain pulsations are increased in epilepsy\u2014a two-centre functional MRI study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6831-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne","family":"Kananen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heta","family":"Helakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesa","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Huotari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauri","family":"Raitamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Raatikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zalan","family":"Rajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Tuovinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiken","family":"Nedergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"LeVan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Ansakorpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Research Unit of Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesa","family":"Kiviniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu Functional NeuroImaging (OFNI), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90029, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center (MRC), Oulu 90220, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1812-4","article-title":"The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a \u2018glymphatic\u2019 system?","volume":"135","author":"Abbott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4316","article-title":"Association of seizure spread with surgical failure in epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.11.011","article-title":"Pathology and pathophysiology of the amygdala in epileptogenesis and epilepsy","volume":"78","author":"Aroniadou-Anderjaska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.049","article-title":"Extraction of the cardiac waveform from simultaneous multislice fMRI data using slice sorted averaging and a deep learning reconstruction filter","volume":"198","author":"Aslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.065","article-title":"Single shot whole brain imaging using spherical stack of spirals trajectories","volume":"73","author":"Assl\u00e4nder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000371","article-title":"Utility of EEG activation procedures in epilepsy: a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Baldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24039","article-title":"Presurgical language fMRI: clinical practices and patient outcomes in epilepsy surgical planning","volume":"39","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00125-X","article-title":"Modern electroencephalography: its role in epilepsy management","volume":"110","author":"Binnie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20577","article-title":"The effect of respiration variations on independent component analysis results of resting state functional connectivity","volume":"29","author":"Birn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8914-1_5","volume-title":"Issues in clinical epileptology: a view from the bench","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.012","article-title":"Dynamic models of BOLD contrast","volume":"62","author":"Buxton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00093","article-title":"Network connectivity in epilepsy: resting state fMRI and EEG-fMRI contributions","volume":"5","author":"Centeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.038","article-title":"Association between heart rate variability and fluctuations in resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"68","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000356435","article-title":"Epilepsy and the hippocampus","author":"Chatzikonstantinou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21448","article-title":"Mapping hemodynamic correlates of seizures using fMRI: a review","volume":"34","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00039","article-title":"Potential use and challenges of functional connectivity mapping in intractable epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Constable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.05.001","article-title":"Regulation of the blood\u2013brain barrier by circadian rhythms and sleep","volume":"42","author":"Cuddapah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3246-14.2015","article-title":"Inspiration Is the Major regulator of human CSF flow","volume":"35","author":"Dreha-Kulaczewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2754-16.2017","article-title":"Identification of the upward movement of human CSF in vivo and its relation to the brain venous system","volume":"37","author":"Dreha-Kulaczewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B20","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Astrocytes and glutamine synthetase in epileptogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Eid"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409308102","article-title":"Loss of perivascular aquaporin 4 may underlie deficient water and K+ homeostasis in the human epileptogenic hippocampus","volume":"102","author":"Eid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-198401000-00005","article-title":"Efficacy of sleep deprivation as an activation procedure in epilepsy patients","volume":"1","author":"Ellingson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2016.01.003","article-title":"SPECT-PET in epilepsy and clinical approach in evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Erg\u00fcn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-018-0103-8","article-title":"Is bulk flow plausible in perivascular, paravascular and paravenous channels?","volume":"15","author":"Faghih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003509","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies","volume":"88","author":"Fiest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1969.tb06141.x","article-title":"Co-existence of focal and bilateral diffuse paroxysmal discharges in epileptics. Clinical-electrographic study","volume":"10","author":"Gabor","year":"1969","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.05.005","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern and interictal epileptiform discharges during morning sleep after sleep deprivation in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Giorgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01509.x","article-title":"Epileptic networks studied with EEG-fMRI","volume":"49","author":"Gotman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B29","first-page":"300","article-title":"Methods and utility of EEG-fMRI in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"van Graan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.034","article-title":"ICA-based artefact removal and accelerated fMRI acquisition for improved resting state network imaging","volume":"95","author":"Griffanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.11104.x","article-title":"Hyperventilation revisited: physiological effects and efficacy on focal seizure activation in the era of video-EEG monitoring","volume":"46","author":"Guaranha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101763","article-title":"Spectral entropy indicates electrophysiological and hemodynamic changes in drug-resistant epilepsy\u2014a multimodal MREG study","volume":"22","author":"Helakari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00551.2017","article-title":"Breathing above the brain stem: volitional control and attentional modulation in humans","volume":"119","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330611","article-title":"Amygdaloid sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"33","author":"Hudson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00279","article-title":"Sampling rate effects on resting state fMRI metrics","volume":"13","author":"Huotari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00221-5","article-title":"Implications of the discovery of brain lymphatic pathways","volume":"14","author":"Iliff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.678698","article-title":"Is there a cerebral lymphatic system?","volume":"44","author":"Iliff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00637.2013","article-title":"Hyperventilation, cerebral perfusion, and syncope","volume":"116","author":"Immink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.018","article-title":"Fast fMRI provides high statistical power in the analysis of epileptic networks","volume":"88","author":"Jacobs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092539","article-title":"Spontaneous BOLD signal fluctuations in young healthy subjects and elderly patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Jahanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01090","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1090","article-title":"Altered physiological brain variation in drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Kananen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.08.003","article-title":"Pathophysiology of mood disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"34","author":"Kandratavicius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70201-6","article-title":"Can neurobiological pathogenic mechanisms of depression facilitate the development of seizure disorders?","volume":"11","author":"Kanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.01.007","article-title":"Depression and epilepsy: epidemiologic and neurobiologic perspectives that may explain their high comorbid occurrence","volume":"24","author":"Kanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015566","article-title":"Relationship between changes in the temporal dynamics of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal and hypoperfusion in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"48","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.23","article-title":"Biophysical and physiological origins of blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI signals","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15622047","article-title":"A ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity\u2014glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?","volume":"36","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2003.08.004","article-title":"Sleep but not hyperventilation increases the sensitivity of the EEG in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"56","author":"Klein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3693","article-title":"More than a rhythm of life: breathing as a binder of orofacial sensation","volume":"17","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282202b92","article-title":"Electroencephalography\/functional MRI in human epilepsy: what it currently can and cannot do","volume":"20","author":"Laufs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c90f2","article-title":"Converging PET and fMRI evidence for a common area involved in human focal epilepsies","volume":"77","author":"Laufs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.015","article-title":"Tracking dynamic resting-state networks at higher frequencies using MR-encephalography","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.05.005","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine enhances glymphatic brain delivery of intrathecally administered drugs","volume":"304","author":"Lilius","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws147","article-title":"Neuropathology of the blood\u2013brain barrier and pharmaco-resistance in human epilepsy","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00036-6","article-title":"The role of the piriform cortex in kindling","volume":"50","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067652","article-title":"BOLD fMRI in the white matter as a marker of aging and small vessel disease","volume":"8","author":"Makedonov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.010","article-title":"Physiological fluctuations in white matter are increased in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and correlate with neuroimaging and cognitive biomarkers","volume":"37","author":"Makedonov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.010","article-title":"Connectivity disruptions in resting-state functional brain networks in children with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"100","author":"Mankinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.004","article-title":"Alterations in regional homogeneity of baseline brain activity in pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"1373","author":"Mankinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.06.011","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier, bulk flow, and interstitial clearance in epilepsy","volume":"260","author":"Marchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/89.3.499","article-title":"Epilepsy and temporal lobes: a clinical electroencephalographic and neuropathological study of the brain in epilepsy, with particular reference to temporal lobes","volume":"89","author":"Margerison","year":"1966","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200103000-00003","article-title":"Interactions between sleep and epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"M\u00e9ndez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25604","article-title":"Glymphatics visualization after focused ultrasound-induced blood\u2013brain barrier opening in humans","volume":"86","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40070","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40070","article-title":"Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain","volume":"7","author":"Mestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3","article-title":"Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Mestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03889.x","article-title":"EEG activation in epilepsies other than petit mal","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1974-18.2019","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic transport in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"39","author":"Mortensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240514","article-title":"Garbage truck of the brain","volume":"340","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","article-title":"Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(98)00055-2","article-title":"Amygdala damage in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2017.00008","article-title":"Contributions of EEG-fMRI to assessing the epileptogenicity of focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"11","author":"Pittau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00479","article-title":"High-speed real-time resting-state FMRI using multi-slab echo-volumar imaging","volume":"7","author":"Posse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.018","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of fast BOLD fMRI with a subject-specific hemodynamic response function and application to epilepsy","volume":"93","author":"Proulx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18798441","article-title":"Breath hold effect on cardiovascular brain pulsations\u2014a multimodal magnetic resonance encephalography study","volume":"39","author":"Raitamaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2904762","article-title":"3D multi-resolution optical flow analysis of cardiovascular pulse propagation in human brain","volume":"38","author":"Rajna","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30318-1","article-title":"The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23400","article-title":"The temporal instability of resting state network connectivity in intractable epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1025382","article-title":"Non-invasive EEG evaluation in epilepsy diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Rosenow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy242","article-title":"Evidence for peri-ictal blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in patients with epilepsy","volume":"141","author":"R\u00fcber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.046","article-title":"Automatic denoising of functional MM data: combining independent component analysis and hierarchical fusion of classifiers","volume":"90","author":"Salimi-Khorshidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B83","first-page":"416","article-title":"PET studies in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Sarikaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10355","article-title":"Comparison of the dependence of blood R2 and R2* on oxygen saturation at 1.5 and 4.7 Tesla","volume":"49","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069245","article-title":"EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","article-title":"Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27679","article-title":"Test of the \u2018glymphatic\u2019 hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.03.007","article-title":"Sleep, epilepsy and thalamic reticular inhibitory neurons","volume":"28","author":"Steriade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.08.007","article-title":"Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: a novel target for intervention of neurological diseases","volume":"163-164","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000178","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in epilepsy: growing relevance for clinical decision making","volume":"28","author":"Tracy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.175","article-title":"Electroencephalographic assessment of patients with epileptic seizures","volume":"10","author":"Tsiptsios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00680","article-title":"The effect of gray matter ICA and coefficient of variation mapping of BOLD data on the detection of functional connectivity changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and bvFTD","volume":"10","author":"Tuovinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"van Vliet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46055-5","article-title":"Respiratory influence on cerebrospinal fluid flow\u2014a computational study based on long-term intracranial pressure measurements","volume":"9","author":"Vinje","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.643","article-title":"Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Von Oertzen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy","volume":"345","author":"Wiebe","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060","article-title":"Permutation inference for the general linear model","volume":"92","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.11.025","article-title":"Resting fluctuations in arterial carbon dioxide induce significant low frequency variations in BOLD signal","volume":"21","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.05.015","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysfunction in epilepsy","volume":"166","author":"Wulsin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1255-1","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI studies in epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Wurina Zang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23256","article-title":"Single shot concentric shells trajectories for ultra fast fMRI","volume":"68","author":"Zahneisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2020090409222331300_fcaa076-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12448","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2586-16.2016","article-title":"Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function","volume":"36","author":"Zelano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa076\/33369578\/fcaa076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/fcaa076\/33715831\/fcaa076.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/fcaa076\/33715831\/fcaa076.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T13:27:28Z","timestamp":1599226048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa076\/5854867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"article-number":"fcaa076"}}