{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1790767878739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), Bethesda, MD; UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute","award":["UL1TR001881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001881"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In this observational study, using the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors Study, we aimed to (i) report the magnitude of health loss due to non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA in 2017 by sex, age, years and States and (ii) to identify non-communicable neurological disorders attributable environmental, metabolic and behavioural risk factors. We provide estimates of the burden of non-communicable neurological disorders by reporting disability-adjusted life-years and their trends from 1990 to 2017 by age and sex in the USA. The non-communicable neurological disorders include migraines, tension-type headaches, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, Parkinson\u2019s disease, epilepsy, motor neuron diseases and other neurological disorders. In 2017, the global burdens of non-communicable neurological disorders were 1444.41 per 100 000, compared to the USA burden of 1574.0. Migraine was the leading age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years 704.7 per 100 000, with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias (41.8.7), and epilepsy (123.8) taking the second and third places, respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for aggregate non-communicable neurological disorders relative to all cause increased by 3.42%. More specifically, this value for motor neuron diseases, Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis increase by 20.9%, 4.0%, 2.47%, 3.0% and 1.65%, respectively. In 2017, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for the aggregate non-communicable neurological disorders was significantly higher in females than the males (1843.5 versus 1297.3 per 100 000), respectively. The age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates for migraine were the largest in both females (968.8) and males were (432.5) compared to other individual non-communicable neurological disorders. In the same year, the leading non-communicable neurological disorders age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rates among children \u22649 was epilepsy (216.4 per 100 000). Among the adults aged 35\u201360\u2009years, it was migraine (5792.0 per 100 000), and among the aged 65 and above was Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias (78 800.1 per 100 000). High body mass index, smoking, high fasting plasma glaucous and alcohol use were the attributable age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years risks for aggregate and individual non-communicable neurological disorders. Despite efforts to decrease the burden of non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA, they continue to burden the health of the population. Children are most vulnerable to epilepsy-related health burden, adolescents and young adults to migraine, and elderly to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias and epilepsy. In all, the most vulnerable populations to non-communicable neurological disorders are females, young adults and the elderly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T15:44:24Z","timestamp":1594309464000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The health burden of non-communicable neurological disorders in the USA between 1990 and 2017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8361-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Bazargan-Hejazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science & David Geffen of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaveh","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Program, College of Health and Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Sahraian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharareh","family":"Eskandarieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20163908","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3908","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of childhood epilepsy: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"139","author":"Aaberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308350","article-title":"Neuronal network disintegration: common pathways linking neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"87","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374271-1.00010-1","volume-title":"Principles of gender-specific medicine","author":"Amatniek","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e864","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008002","article-title":"Adiposity is related to cerebrovascular and brain volumetry outcomes in the RUN DMC study","volume":"93","author":"Arnoldussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078554","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of high fat diet on indices of metabolic syndrome in 3xTg-AD mice: implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"8","author":"Barron","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Belbasis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2020090409223467800_fcaa097-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1681088","article-title":"Effect of nutrition on neurodegenerative diseases. 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