{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T01:58:35Z","timestamp":1778119115694,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MOP-FDN-148418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-FDN-148418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We examined the naming speed performance of 18 typically achieving and 16 dyslexic adults while simultaneously recording eye movements, articulations and fMRI data. Naming speed tasks, which require participants to name a list of letters or objects, have been proposed as a proxy for reading and are thought to recruit similar reading networks in the left hemisphere of the brain as more complex reading tasks. We employed letter and object naming speed tasks, with task manipulations to make the stimuli more or less phonologically and\/or visually similar. Compared to typically achieving readers, readers with dyslexia had a poorer behavioural naming speed task performance, longer fixation durations, more regressions and increased activation in areas of the reading network in the left-hemisphere. Whereas increased network activation was positively associated with performance in dyslexics, it was negatively related to performance in typically achieving readers. Readers with dyslexia had greater bilateral activation and recruited additional regions involved with memory, namely the amygdala and hippocampus; in contrast, the typically achieving readers additionally activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Areas within the reading network were differentially activated by stimulus manipulations to the naming speed tasks. There was less efficient naming speed behavioural performance, longer fixation durations, more regressions and increased neural activity when letter stimuli were both phonologically and visually similar. Discussion focuses on the differences in activation within the reading network, how they are related to behavioural task differences, and how progress in furthering the understanding of the relationship between behavioural performance and brain activity can change the overall trajectories of children with reading difficulties by contributing to both early identification and remediation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1602911096000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Understanding the biological basis of dyslexia at a neural systems level"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Z","family":"Al Dahhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7M 5R7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald C","family":"Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Assessment and Resource Centre, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allyson","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Assessment and Resource Centre, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas P","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.008","article-title":"Developmental improvements in voluntary control of behavior: effect of preparation in the fronto-parietal network","volume":"98","author":"Alahyane","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-013-0090-z","article-title":"Eye-movements of university students with and without reading difficulties during naming speed tasks","volume":"64","author":"Al Dahhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415618502","article-title":"Eye movements and articulations during a letter naming speed task: children with and without dyslexia","volume":"50","author":"Al Dahhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14673","article-title":"Examining the neural and cognitive processes that underlie reading through naming speed tasks","volume":"51","author":"Al Dahhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1483","article-title":"Reasoning and dyslexia: is visual memory a compensated resource?","volume":"20","author":"Bacon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2012.718789","article-title":"Visuospatial memory in dyslexia: evidence for strategic deficits","volume":"21","author":"Bacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2021050518293531000_fcaa173-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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