{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:46:16Z","timestamp":1787136376359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017506","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer's Society Doctoral Training Centre in Dementia Research at the University of Exeter","award":["231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinician Scientist Fellowship","award":["MR\/K010395\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K010395\/1"]}]},{"name":"Adam Zeman received funding from the Dunhill Medical Trust","award":["R322\/1113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R322\/1113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The term transient epileptic amnesia was coined in 1990 to describe a form of epilepsy causing predominantly amnestic seizures which could be confused with episodes of Transient Global Amnesia. Subsequent descriptions have highlighted its association with \u2018atypical\u2019 forms of memory disturbance including accelerated long-term forgetting, disproportionate autobiographical amnesia and topographical amnesia. However, this highly treatment-responsive condition remains under-recognized and undertreated. We describe the clinical and neuropsychological features in 65 consecutive cases of transient epileptic amnesia referred to our study, comparing these to our previous cohort of 50 patients and to those reported in 102 literature cases described since our 2008 review. Findings in our two cohorts are substantially consistent: The onset of transient epileptic amnesia occurs at an average age of 62\u2009years, giving rise to amnestic episodes at a frequency of around 1\/month, typically lasting 15\u201330\u2009min and often occurring on waking. Amnesia is the only manifestation of epilepsy in 24% of patients; olfactory hallucinations occur in 43%, motor automatisms in 41%, brief unresponsiveness in 39%. The majority of patients describe at least one of the atypical forms of memory disturbance mentioned above; easily provoked tearfulness is a common accompanying feature. There is a male predominance (85:30). Epileptiform changes were present in 35% of cases, while suspected causative magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in only 5%. Seizures ceased with anticonvulsant treatment in 93% of cases. Some clinical features were detected more commonly in the second series than the first, probably as a result of heightened awareness. Neuropsychological testing and comparison to two age and IQ-matched control groups (n\u2009=\u200924 and 22) revealed consistent findings across the two cohorts, namely elevated mean IQ, preserved executive function, mild impairment at the group level on standard measures of memory, with additional evidence for accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical amnesia, particularly affecting episodic recollection. Review of the literature cases revealed broadly consistent features except that topographical amnesia, olfactory hallucinations and emotionality have been reported rarely to date by other researchers. We conclude that transient epileptic amnesia is a distinctive syndrome of late-onset limbic epilepsy of unknown cause, typically occurring in late middle age. It is an important, treatable cause of memory loss in older people, often mistaken for dementia, cerebrovascular disease and functional amnesia. Its aetiology, the monthly occurrence of seizures in some patients and the mechanisms and interrelationships of the interictal features\u2014amnestic and affective\u2014all warrant further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1615302770000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia: a combined series of 115 cases and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke\u2019s Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke\u2019s Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 833007, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narinder","family":"Kapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Zeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke\u2019s Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051313093034600_fcab038-B1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Transient global amnesia and related disorders","author":"Kapur","year":"1990"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021051313093034600_fcab038-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.11.1184","article-title":"Transient 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