{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:36:26Z","timestamp":1791333386694,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":131,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University College London Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre"},{"name":"Global Challenges Research Fund and a Wellcome Trust Fellowship","award":["222102\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222102\/Z\/20\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary pathological and biomarker data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection can damage the nervous system. To understand what, where and how damage occurs, we collected serum and CSF from patients with COVID-19 and characterized neurological syndromes involving the PNS and CNS (n\u2009=\u200934). We measured biomarkers of neuronal damage and neuroinflammation, and compared these with non-neurological control groups, which included patients with (n\u2009=\u200994) and without (n\u2009=\u200924) COVID-19. We detected increased concentrations of neurofilament light, a dynamic biomarker of neuronal damage, in the CSF of those with CNS inflammation (encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis) [14\u200a800\u2009pg\/ml (400, 32\u200a400)], compared to those with encephalopathy [1410\u2009pg\/ml (756, 1446)], peripheral syndromes (Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome) [740\u2009pg\/ml (507, 881)] and controls [872\u2009pg\/ml (654, 1200)]. Serum neurofilament light levels were elevated across patients hospitalized with COVID-19, irrespective of neurological manifestations. There was not the usual close correlation between CSF and serum neurofilament light, suggesting serum neurofilament light elevation in the non-neurological patients may reflect peripheral nerve damage in response to severe illness. We did not find significantly elevated levels of serum neurofilament light in community cases of COVID-19 arguing against significant neurological damage. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of astrocytic activation, was not elevated in the CSF or serum of any group, suggesting astrocytic activation is not a major mediator of neuronal damage in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T21:28:20Z","timestamp":1620422900000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profiles in acute SARS-CoV-2-associated neurological syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ross W","family":"Paterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent DA2 8DA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, Russell Square House, London WC1B 5EH, UK"},{"name":"University of Liverpool, Brain Infections Group, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3GA, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja R","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilan","family":"Athauda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal 431 41, Sweden"},{"name":"King\u2019s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire A","family":"Leckey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver J","family":"Ziff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"Advanced Pathogens Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London 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