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In this case\u2013control study, we investigated changes in the expression of subunits \u03b14, \u03b15 and \u03b4 in hippocampal specimens of drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients who underwent epilepsy surgery. Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and \u03b15-specific receptor autoradiography, we characterized expression of the receptor subunits in specimens from patients with and without Ammon\u2019s horn sclerosis compared to post-mortem controls. Expression of the \u03b15-subunit was abundant throughout all subfields of the hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus, sectors CA1 and CA3, the subiculum and pre- and parasubiculum. Significant but weaker expression was detected for subunits \u03b14 and \u03b4 notably in the granule cell\/molecular layer of control specimens, but was faint in the other parts of the hippocampus. Expression of all three subunits was similarly altered in sclerotic and non-sclerotic specimens. Respective mRNA levels were increased by about 50\u201380% in the granule cell layer compared with post-mortem controls. Subunit \u03b15 mRNA levels and immunoreactivities were also increased in the sector CA3 and in the subiculum. Autoradiography for \u03b15-containing receptors using [3H]L-655,708 as ligand showed significantly increased binding in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in non-sclerotic specimens. Increased expression of the \u03b15 and \u03b4 subunits is in contrast to the previously observed downregulation of these subunits in different epilepsy models, whereas increased expression of \u03b14 in temporal lobe epilepsy patients is consistent with that in the rodent models. Our findings indicate increased tonic inhibition likely representing an endogenous anticonvulsive mechanism in temporal lobe epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1633689702000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Increased expression of GABAA receptor subunits associated with tonic inhibition in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Sperk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Pirker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Department, Klinik Hietzing, 1130 Vienna, 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