{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:43:00Z","timestamp":1780519380770,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE 2516\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE 2516\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TI 239\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 239\/17-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The cerebellar nuclei are a brain region with high iron content. Surprisingly, little is known about iron content in the cerebellar nuclei and its possible contribution to pathology in cerebellar ataxias, with the only exception of Friedreich\u2019s ataxia. In the present exploratory cross-sectional study, quantitative susceptibility mapping was used to investigate volume, iron concentration and total iron content of the dentate nuclei in common types of hereditary and non-hereditary degenerative ataxias. Seventy-nine patients with spinocerebellar ataxias of types 1, 2, 3 and 6; 15 patients with Friedreich\u2019s ataxia; 18 patients with multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type and 111 healthy controls were also included. All underwent 3\u2005T MRI and clinical assessments. For each specific ataxia subtype, voxel-based and volumes-of-interest-based group analyses were performed in comparison with a corresponding age- and sex-matched control group, both for volume, magnetic susceptiblity (indicating iron concentration) and susceptibility mass (indicating total iron content) of the dentate nuclei. Spinocerebellar ataxia of type 1 and multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type patients showed higher susceptibilities in large parts of the dentate nucleus but unaltered susceptibility masses compared with controls. Friedreich\u2019s ataxia patients and, only on a trend level, spinocerebellar ataxia of type 2 patients showed higher susceptibilities in more circumscribed parts of the dentate. In contrast, spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6 patients revealed lower susceptibilities and susceptibility masses compared with controls throughout the dentate nucleus. Spinocerebellar ataxia of type 3 patients showed no significant changes in susceptibility and susceptibility mass. Lower volume of the dentate nuclei was found to varying degrees in all ataxia types. It was most pronounced in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6 patients and least prominent in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 3 patients. The findings show that alterations in susceptibility revealed by quantitative susceptibility mapping are common in the dentate nuclei in different types of cerebellar ataxias. The most striking changes in susceptibility were found in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 1, multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type and spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6. Because iron content is known to be high in glial cells but not in neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, the higher susceptibility in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 1 and multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type may be explained by a reduction of neurons (increase in iron concentration) and\/or an increase in iron-rich glial cells, e.g. microgliosis. Hypomyelination also leads to higher susceptibility and could also contribute. The lower susceptibility in SCA6 suggests a loss of iron-rich glial cells. Quantitative susceptibility maps warrant future studies of iron content and iron-rich cells in ataxias to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T12:27:23Z","timestamp":1641385643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Quantitative susceptibility mapping reveals alterations of dentate nuclei in common types of degenerative cerebellar ataxias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Deistung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, Department for Radiation Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany"},{"name":"Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"J\u00e4schke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossitza","family":"Draganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Pfaffenrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Erasmus University College, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina M.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria A.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Klockgether","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinem","family":"Tunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"M\u00fcnchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1365-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Minnerop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia L.","family":"G\u00f6ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen R.","family":"Reichenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Timmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2022021817594919800_fcab306-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70117-6","article-title":"The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2022021817594919800_fcab306-B2","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Essential metals in medicine: Therapeutic use and toxicity of metal ions in the clinic. 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