{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:14:14Z","timestamp":1777803254771,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005224","name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission and causing skeletal muscle weakness. Additionally, systemic inflammation, cognitive deficits and autonomic dysfunction have been described. However, little is known about myasthenia gravis-related reorganization of the brain. In this study, we thus investigated the structural and functional brain changes in myasthenia gravis patients. Eleven myasthenia gravis patients (age: 70.64\u2009\u00b1\u20099.27; 11 males) were compared to age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (age: 70.18\u2009\u00b1\u20098.98; 11 males). Most of the patients (n\u2009=\u200910, 0.91%) received cholinesterase inhibitors. Structural brain changes were determined by applying voxel-based morphometry using high-resolution T1-weighted sequences. Functional brain changes were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery (including attention, memory and executive functions), a spatial orientation task and brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels. Myasthenia gravis patients showed significant grey matter volume reductions in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, myasthenia gravis patients showed significantly lower performance in executive functions, working memory (Spatial Span, P\u2009=\u20090.034, d\u2009=\u20091.466), verbal episodic memory (P\u2009=\u20090.003, d\u2009=\u20091.468) and somatosensory-related spatial orientation (Triangle Completion Test, P\u2009=\u20090.003, d\u2009=\u20091.200). Additionally, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly higher in myasthenia gravis patients (P\u2009=\u20090.001, d\u2009=\u20092.040). Our results indicate that myasthenia gravis is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Especially the grey matter volume changes in the cingulate gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe could be associated with cognitive deficits in memory and executive functions. Furthermore, deficits in somatosensory-related spatial orientation could be associated with the lower volumes in the inferior parietal lobe. Future research is needed to replicate these findings independently in a larger sample and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T04:14:58Z","timestamp":1643688898000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Benita","family":"Klaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"van Wickeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Dordevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlen","family":"Schmicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Zdunczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Brigadski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67659 Zweibr\u00fccken, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volkmar","family":"Le\u00dfmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Vielhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Notger 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