{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:24:52Z","timestamp":1789683892447,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/L016737\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L016737\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Road traffic collisions are a major cause of traumatic brain injury. However, the relationship between road traffic collision dynamics and traumatic brain injury risk for different road users is unknown. We investigated 2065 collisions from Great Britain\u2019s Road Accident In-depth Studies collision database involving 5374 subjects (2013\u201320). Five hundred and ninety-five subjects sustained a traumatic brain injury (20.2% of 2940 casualties), including 315 moderate\u2013severe and 133 mild\u2013probable injuries. Key pathologies included skull fracture (179, 31.9%), subarachnoid haemorrhage (171, 30.5%), focal brain injury (168, 29.9%) and subdural haematoma (96, 17.1%). These results were extended nationally using &amp;gt;1\u2009000\u2009000 police-reported collision casualties. Extrapolating from the in-depth data we estimate that there are \u223c20\u2009000 traumatic brain injury casualties (\u223c5000 moderate\u2013severe) annually on Great Britain\u2019s roads, accounting for severity differences. Detailed collision investigation allows vehicle collision dynamics to be understood and the change in velocity (known as delta-V) to be estimated for a subset of in-depth collision data. Higher delta-V increased the risk of moderate\u2013severe brain injury for all road users. The four key pathologies were not observed below 8\u2005km\/h delta-V for pedestrians\/cyclists and 19\u2005km\/h delta-V for car occupants (higher delta-V threshold for focal injury in both groups). Traumatic brain injury risk depended on road user type, delta-V and impact direction. Accounting for delta-V, pedestrians\/cyclists had a 6-times higher likelihood of moderate\u2013severe brain injury than car occupants. Wearing a cycle helmet during a collision was protective against overall and mild-to-moderate-to-severe brain injury, particularly skull fracture and subdural haematoma. Cycle helmet protection was not due to travel or impact speed differences between helmeted and non-helmeted cyclist groups. We additionally examined the influence of the delta-V direction. Car occupants exposed to a higher lateral delta-V component had a greater prevalence of moderate\u2013severe brain injury, particularly subarachnoid haemorrhage. Multivariate logistic regression models created using total delta-V value and whether lateral delta-V was dominant had the best prediction capabilities (area under the receiver operator curve as high as 0.95). Collision notification systems are routinely fitted in new cars. These record delta-V and automatically alert emergency services to a collision in real-time. These risk relationships could, therefore, inform how routinely fitted automatic collision notification systems alert the emergency services to collisions with a high brain injury risk. Early notification of high-risk scenarios would enable quicker activation of the highest level of emergency service response. Identifying those that require neurosurgical care and ensuring they are transported directly to a centre with neuro-specialist provisions could improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T15:11:45Z","timestamp":1644505905000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The relationship between road traffic collision dynamics and traumatic brain injury pathology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"TRL, Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRL, Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Saint Mary Campus, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5678-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazdak","family":"Ghajari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Sir Michael Uren Hub, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0508(08)80002-0","article-title":"Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries: An epidemiological survey of five years","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks074","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries caused by traffic accidents in five European countries: Outcome and public health consequences","volume":"23","author":"Majdan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2512-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe","volume":"157","author":"Peeters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4126","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe: A living systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Brazinova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: Integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"16","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022031709373577700_fcac033-B8","first-page":"693","article-title":"Biomechanics of road traffic collision injuries: A clinician\u2019s perspective","volume":"48","author":"Eid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singap. 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