{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:57:07Z","timestamp":1793393827542,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015504","name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Patrick Wild Centre"},{"name":"Epilepsy Research United Kingdom","award":["F1603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F1603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["204804\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204804\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mutations in the SYNGAP1 gene are one of the common predictors of neurodevelopmental disorders, commonly resulting in individuals developing autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and sleep deficits. EEG recordings in neurodevelopmental disorders show potential to identify clinically translatable biomarkers to both diagnose and track the progress of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as providing insight into underlying pathological mechanisms. In a rat model of SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency in which the exons encoding the calcium\/lipid binding and GTPase-activating protein domains have been deleted (Syngap+\/\u0394\u2212GAP), we analysed the duration and occurrence of wake, non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement brain states during 6\u2005h multi-electrode EEG recordings. We find that although Syngap+\/\u0394\u2212GAP animals spend an equivalent percent time in wake and sleep states, they have an abnormal brain state distribution as the number of wake and non-rapid eye movement bouts are reduced and there is an increase in the average duration of both wake and non-rapid eye movement epochs. We perform connectivity analysis by calculating the average imaginary coherence between electrode pairs at varying distance thresholds during these states. In group averages from pairs of electrodes at short distances from each other, a clear reduction in connectivity during non-rapid eye movement is present between 11.5\u2005Hz and 29.5\u2005Hz, a frequency range that overlaps with sleep spindles, oscillatory phenomena thought to be important for normal brain function and memory consolidation. Sleep abnormalities were mostly uncorrelated to the electrophysiological signature of absence seizures, spike and wave discharges, as was the imaginary coherence deficit. Sleep spindles occurrence, amplitude, power and spread across multiple electrodes were not reduced in Syngap+\/\u0394\u2212GAP rats, with only a small decrease in duration detected. Nonetheless, by analysing the dynamic imaginary coherence during sleep spindles, we found a reduction in high-connectivity instances between short-distance electrode pairs. Finally comparing the dynamic imaginary coherence during sleep spindles between individual electrode pairs, we identified a group of channels over the right somatosensory, association and visual cortices that have a significant reduction in connectivity during sleep spindles in mutant animals. This matched a significant reduction in connectivity during spindles when averaged regional comparisons were made. These data suggest that Syngap+\/\u0394\u2212GAP rats have altered brain state dynamics and EEG connectivity, which may have clinical relevance for SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]],"date-time":"2022-10-15T08:10:44Z","timestamp":1665821444000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Abnormal brain state distribution and network connectivity in a\n                    <i>SYNGAP1<\/i>\n                    rat model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Buller-Peralta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH8 9XD Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Maicas-Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH8 9XD Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh , EH9 3JL Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally M","family":"Till","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH8 9XD Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma R","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH8 9XD Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C","family":"Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , EH8 9XD Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh , EH9 3JL Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3494-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Gonzalez-Sulser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University 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