{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:22:26Z","timestamp":1790443346303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"University of Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Western Ontario"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There exist no objective markers for tinnitus or tinnitus disorders, which complicates diagnosis and treatments. The combination of EEG with sophisticated classification procedures may reveal biomarkers that can identify tinnitus and accurately differentiate different levels of distress experienced by patients. EEG recordings were obtained from 129 tinnitus patients and 142 healthy controls. Linear support vector machines were used to develop two classifiers: the first differentiated tinnitus patients from controls, while the second differentiated tinnitus patients with low and high distress levels. The classifier for healthy controls and tinnitus patients performed with an average accuracy of 96 and 94% for the training and test sets, respectively. For the distress classifier, these average accuracies were 89 and 84%. Minimal overlap was observed between the features of the two classifiers. EEG-derived features made it possible to accurately differentiate healthy controls and tinnitus patients as well as low and high distress tinnitus patients. The minimal overlap between the features of the two classifiers indicates that the source of distress in tinnitus, which could also be involved in distress related to other conditions, stems from different neuronal mechanisms compared to those causing the tinnitus pathology itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T02:18:24Z","timestamp":1674872304000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Tinnitus and distress: an electroencephalography classification study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Piarulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa 56124 , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience & School of Psychology, Trinity College , Dublin D02 PN40 , Ireland"},{"name":"Brain Research Center for Innovative and Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation and Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital , Antwerp 2650 , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan Efim","family":"Nemirovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Institute for Neuroscience, Physics & Astronomy Department, University of Western Ontario , London, ON N6A 3K7 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivayini","family":"Kandeepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Sri Jayewardenepura , Nugegoda 10250 , Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Maudoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital, APHP , Paris 75019 , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Gemignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa 56124 , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Center for Innovative and Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation and Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital , Antwerp 2650 , Belgium"},{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin, Otago 9016 , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6833-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Soddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Institute for Neuroscience, Physics & Astronomy Department, University of Western Ontario , London, ON N6A 3K7 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-014-0360-z","article-title":"Multivariate pattern recognition for diagnosis and prognosis in clinical neuroimaging: State of the art, current challenges and future trends","volume":"27","author":"Haller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab0ab5","article-title":"Deep learning for electroencephalogram (EEG) classification tasks: A review","volume":"16","author":"Craik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117021","article-title":"Machine-learning-based diagnostics of EEG pathology","volume":"220","author":"Gemein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1","article-title":"Tinnitus: Causes and clinical management","volume":"12","author":"Langguth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1506631","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"378","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"260","author":"de Ridder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.1700","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, exposures, and treatment patterns of tinnitus in the United States","volume":"142","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127578","article-title":"Analysis of the prevalence and associated risk factors of tinnitus in adults","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B9","first-page":"663","article-title":"Tinnitus: Diagnosis and management","volume":"103","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000185","article-title":"Treatment of tinnitus","volume":"23","author":"Langguth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802","article-title":"Why is there no cure for tinnitus?","volume":"13","author":"McFerran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Electroencephalography correlates in tinnitus","volume":"6","author":"Weiler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Tinnitus J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199608000-00004","article-title":"Impaired brain processing in noise-induced tinnitus patients as measured by auditory and visual event-related potentials","volume":"17","author":"Attias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241695","article-title":"Objective measurement of tinnitus using functional near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning","volume":"15","author":"Shoushtarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.784721","article-title":"Objective recognition of tinnitus location using electroencephalography connectivity features","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2022.2075698","article-title":"EEG signal classification of tinnitus based on SVM and sample entropy","author":"Jianbiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B17","volume-title":"Manual of the tinnitus questionnaire","author":"Hallam","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2018.1518598","article-title":"The world health organization\u2019s hearing-impairment grading system: An evaluation for unaided communication in age-related hearing loss","volume":"58","author":"Humes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5351-9_17","volume-title":"Central auditory processing and neural modeling","author":"Jung","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-45","article-title":"OpenMEEG: Opensource software for quasistatic bioelectromagnetics","volume":"9","author":"Gramfort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"Suppl D","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B21","first-page":"5","article-title":"Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): Technical details","volume":"24","author":"Pascual-Marqui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716","article-title":"Brainstorm: A user-friendly application for MEG\/EEG analysis","volume":"2011","author":"Tadel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055501","article-title":"On the complexity of finite sequences","volume":"22","author":"Lempel","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133532","article-title":"Complexity of multi-dimensional spontaneous EEG decreases during propofol induced general anaesthesia","volume":"10","author":"Schartner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081991","article-title":"High-density EEG in a charles bonnet syndrome patient during and without visual hallucinations: A case-report study","volume":"10","author":"Piarulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.056","article-title":"Phase transfer entropy: A novel phase-based measure for directed connectivity in networks coupled by oscillatory interactions","volume":"85","author":"Lobier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008","article-title":"Functional and effective connectivity: A review","volume":"1","author":"Friston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004669","article-title":"Brain connectivity dissociates responsiveness from drug exposure during propofol-induced transitions of consciousness","volume":"12","author":"Chennu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx163","article-title":"Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness","volume":"140","author":"Chennu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2307\/2983604","article-title":"Contingency tables involving small numbers and the \u03c7 2 test","volume":"1","author":"Yates","year":"1934","journal-title":"Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B33","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems 17","author":"Goldberger","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Support vector machines: Theory and applications","author":"Kecman","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00545-9","article-title":"Induced electrocorticographic gamma activity during auditory perception","volume":"112","author":"Crone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007396","article-title":"Tinnitus intensity dependent gamma oscillations of the contralateral auditory cortex","volume":"4","author":"van der Loo","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02820-0","article-title":"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by machine learning","volume":"9","author":"Vanneste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0966-18.2018","article-title":"Top-down and bottom-up regulated auditory phantom perception","volume":"39","author":"Vanneste","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(00)80204-7","article-title":"The influence of antidepressive treatment on EEG in depressive patients","volume":"10","author":"Jernajczyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-017-9459-8","article-title":"Measures of entropy and complexity in altered states of consciousness","volume":"12","author":"Mateos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B41","first-page":"825","article-title":"Subjective tinnitus or tinnitus aurium","volume":"46","author":"Venters","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(65)90008-5","article-title":"Results of leucotomy operations for tinnitus","volume":"9","author":"Beard","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disentangling tinnitus distress and tinnitus presence by means of EEG power analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.12.006","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive\u2013behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress","volume":"31","author":"Hesser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B45","article-title":"Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus","volume":"2012","author":"Baldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.020","article-title":"Theta EEG source localization using LORETA in partial epilepsy patients with and without medication","volume":"121","author":"Clemens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B47","first-page":"3148","volume-title":"EEG classification via convolutional neural network-based interictal epileptiform event detection","author":"Thomas","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B48","first-page":"1","article-title":"A deep learning-based classification method for different frequency EEG data","volume":"2021","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023021417354196000_fcad018-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01299-9","article-title":"EEG Neurofeedback for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders: A blueprint for a promising brain-based therapy","volume":"23","author":"Micoulaud-Franchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad018\/49001878\/fcad018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/fcad018\/49179833\/fcad018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/fcad018\/49179833\/fcad018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T13:08:30Z","timestamp":1676380110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad018\/7017452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"article-number":"fcad018"}}