{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:42:16Z","timestamp":1789512136248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG057902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG057902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AG06234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG06234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1AG054156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U54NS115266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54NS115266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23NS102399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS102399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1NS122854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1NS122854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center","award":["P30AG072978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072978"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Veterans Health Administration"},{"name":"BLRD Merit Award","award":["I01BX005161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX005161"]}]},{"name":"Nick and Lynn Buoniconti Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018578","name":"Boston University Clinical & Translational Science Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1UL1TR001430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR001430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018578","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Veterans Affairs or Department of Defense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>American football players and other individuals exposed to repetitive head impacts can exhibit a constellation of later-life cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. While tau-based diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy can underpin certain symptoms, contributions from non-tau pathologies from repetitive head impacts are increasingly recognized. We examined cross-sectional associations between myelin integrity using immunoassays for myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 with risk factors and clinical outcomes in brain donors exposed to repetitive head impacts from American football. Immunoassays for myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 were conducted on dorsolateral frontal white matter tissue samples of 205 male brain donors. Proxies of exposure to repetitive head impacts included years of exposure and age of first exposure to American football play. Informants completed the Functional Activities Questionnaire, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (Behavioral Regulation Index), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. Associations between myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 with exposure proxies and clinical scales were tested. Of the 205 male brain donors who played amateur and professional football, the mean age was 67.17 (SD = 16.78), and 75.9% (n = 126) were reported by informants to be functionally impaired prior to death. Myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 correlated with the ischaemic injury scale score, a global indicator of cerebrovascular disease (r = \u22120.23 and \u22120.20, respectively, Ps &amp;lt; 0.01). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was the most common neurodegenerative disease (n = 151, 73.7%). Myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 were not associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy status, but lower proteolipid protein 1 was associated with more severe chronic traumatic encephalopathy (P = 0.03). Myelin-associated glycoprotein and proteolipid protein 1 were not associated with other neurodegenerative disease pathologies. More years of football play was associated with lower proteolipid protein 1 [beta = \u22122.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) [\u22124.52, \u22120.38]] and compared with those who played &amp;lt;11 years of football (n = 78), those who played 11 or more years (n = 128) had lower myelin-associated glycoprotein (mean difference = 46.00, 95% CI [5.32, 86.69]) and proteolipid protein 1 (mean difference = 24.72, 95% CI [2.40, 47.05]). Younger age of first exposure corresponded to lower proteolipid protein 1 (beta = 4.35, 95% CI [0.25, 8.45]). Among brain donors who were aged 50 or older (n = 144), lower proteolipid protein 1 (beta = \u22120.02, 95% CI [\u22120.047, \u22120.001]) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (beta = \u22120.01, 95% CI [\u22120.03, \u22120.002]) were associated with higher Functional Activities Questionnaire scores. Lower myelin-associated glycoprotein correlated with higher Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 scores (beta = \u22120.02, 95% CI [\u22120.04, \u22120.0003]). Results suggest that decreased myelin may represent a late effect of repetitive head impacts that contributes to the manifestation of cognitive symptoms and impulsivity. Clinical\u2013pathological correlation studies with prospective objective clinical assessments are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T17:13:32Z","timestamp":1675098812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Decreased myelin proteins in brain donors exposed to football-related repetitive head impacts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8113-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael L","family":"Alosco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Health , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Mosaheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Saltiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Uretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Delano-Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Health , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W","family":"Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego, CA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Health , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoyuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Bedford Healthcare System , Bedford, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Bedford Healthcare System , Bedford, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Bedford Healthcare System , Bedford, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee E","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Biomedical, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas I","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital , Braintree, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigid","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital , Braintree, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Nowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concussion 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Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs , Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare , Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann C","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"VA Bedford Healthcare System , Bedford, MA , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs , Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare , Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6954-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thor D","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"VA Bedford Healthcare System , Bedford, MA , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs , Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA , USA"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023030719044317900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000138","article-title":"Subconcussive blows to the head","volume":"31","author":"Belanger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehab"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023030719044317900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.08.003","article-title":"Head impact exposure in collegiate football players","volume":"44","author":"Crisco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023030719044317900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0210","article-title":"Incidence of concussion during practice and games in youth, high school, and collegiate American football 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