{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:46:55Z","timestamp":1769744815589,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":243,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS079276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS079276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW009927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW009927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS108355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS108355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nodding syndrome is a paediatric epileptic encephalopathy of unknown aetiology that affects children in impoverished communities of Eastern Africa subject to internal displacement. Set in southcentral South Sudan, where nodding syndrome first surfaced circa 1990, an important new study of recent-onset cases of nodding syndrome examined parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional factors associated with the brain disease. Infection with the nematode Mansonella perstans, but not with Onchocerca volvulus, was the most prominent finding in nodding syndrome cases versus controls. While M. perstans is unlikely to be causal of nodding syndrome, investigation of the freshwater habitats, where insect-to-human transmission of the filarial larvae takes place, may reveal a clue as to the aetiology of this neurodegenerative disease. The culpable environmental agent(s) must be able to induce neuroinflammation and tau pathology preferentially in infants and children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T20:17:54Z","timestamp":1693426674000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["New clues to the elusive aetiology of nodding syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter S","family":"Spencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR 97239 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad223","article-title":"Parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic, and nutritional factors associated with nodding syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Edridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of nodding syndrome in Mundri County, southern Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Tumwine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121036","article-title":"Putative autoantigen leiomodin-1 is expressed in the human brain and in the membrane fraction of newly formed neurons","volume":"9","author":"Nauen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070845","article-title":"No evidence for the involvement of leiomodin-1 antibodies in the pathogenesis of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B5","first-page":"101498","article-title":"Nodding syndrome is unlikely to be an autoimmune reaction to leiomodin-1 after infection by Onchocerca volvulus","author":"Kodja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2023091910480238400_fcad236-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1256-z","article-title":"Doxycycline for the treatment of nodding syndrome (DONS); 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