{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:42:51Z","timestamp":1792172571925,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-01236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023670","name":"Nyckelfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Centre for Life Course Studies","award":["ES\/R008930\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/R008930\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Serious infections may result in greater risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. However, high-quality cohort studies focusing on a potential causal role of different types and sites of infection are lacking. Gastrointestinal infections are of a particular interest due to growing evidence implicating gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease aetiology. This population-based cohort study used the Swedish Total Population Register to identify individuals born during 1944\u201377 and resident in Sweden between 1990 and 2018 (N = 3 698 319). Hospital-treated infections at ages 21\u201330 and 31\u201340 years were identified from the National Patient Register. Participants were followed to identify Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnoses from age 41 years up to December 31, 2018, when the oldest individual reached 75 years. Cox regression with a sibling comparison design to tackle familial genetic and environmental confounding was used to derive hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each infection site, type, or any infections at ages 21\u201330 and 31\u201340 years. During a median follow-up of 15.4 years, 8815 unique Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnoses were accrued, with a crude rate of 17.3 (95% confidence interval 17.0, 17.7) per 100 000 person-years. After controlling for shared familial factors, hospital-treated gastrointestinal and respiratory infections between 21 and 30 years of age were associated with a greater risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease [hazard ratios 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.75) and 1.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.08, 1.95), respectively]; no association was found for any infections at age 31\u201340 [hazard ratio 1.05 (95% confidence interval: 0.93, 1.19)]. After adjustment, no statistically significant associations were observed for other sites including genitourinary and skin. These findings suggest that hospital-treated infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, both of which may have an influence on the gut microbiome, by age 30 years may be risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T08:12:47Z","timestamp":1711354367000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hospital-treated infections and subsequent Parkinson\u2019s disease risk: a register-based sibling comparison study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1030-3470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snieguole","family":"Vingeliene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2088-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayako","family":"Hiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen A H","family":"Lentjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Brummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , 171 65, Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 703 62 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London , London WC1E 7HB , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024043010222455500_fcae098-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"27","author":"Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024043010222455500_fcae098-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Ray 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