{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:09:30Z","timestamp":1790982570147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AG078705)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AG078705)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG086751)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG086751)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mr and Mrs Michael Ferro"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Persistent symptoms after COVID-19 constitute the long COVID syndrome, also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). COVID-19 vaccines reduce the gravity of ensuing SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, whether vaccines also have an impact on PASC remain unknown. We investigated whether vaccination prior to infection alters the subsequent neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Neuro-PASC). We studied prospectively the first consecutive 200 post-hospitalization Neuro-PASC (PNP) and 1100 non-hospitalized Neuro-PASC (NNP) patients evaluated at our neuro-COVID-19 clinic between May 2020 and January 2023. Among PNP patients, 87% had a pre-vaccination infection and 13% had a breakthrough infection post-vaccination. Among the NNP patients, 70.7% had a pre-vaccination infection and 29.3% had a breakthrough infection. Both PNP and NNP breakthrough infection patients had more frequent pre-existing depression\/anxiety than their respective pre-vaccination infection groups, and NNP breakthrough infection patients also had more frequent comorbidities of headache, lung and gastrointestinal diseases than the NNP pre-vaccination infection group. An average of 10 months after symptom onset, the three most common neurological symptoms for PNP patients were brain fog (86.5%), numbness\/tingling (56.5%) and headache (56.5%). Of all Neuro-PASC symptoms, PNP breakthrough infection more frequently reported anosmia compared to PNP pre-vaccination infection patients (69.2 versus 37.9%; P = 0.005). For NNP patients, the three most common neurological symptoms were brain fog (83.9%), headache (70.9%) and dizziness (53.8%). NNP pre-vaccination infection reported anosmia (56.6 versus 39.1%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and dysgeusia (53.3 versus 37.3%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001) more frequently than breakthrough infection patients. NNP breakthrough infection more frequently reported dizziness compared to NNP pre-vaccination infection patients (61.5 versus 50.6%; P = 0.001). Both PNP and NNP patients had impaired quality-of-life in cognitive, fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression domains with no differences between pre-vaccination infection and breakthrough infection groups. PNP patients performed worse on National Institutes of Health Toolbox tests of processing speed, attention, executive function and working memory than a US normative population whereas NNP patients had lower results in processing, speed, attention and working memory, without differences between pre-vaccination infection and breakthrough infection groups. These results indicate that vaccination prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not affect the neurologic manifestations of long COVID in either PNP or NNP patients. Minor differences in neurologic symptoms between pre-vaccination infection and breakthrough infection groups may be caused by SARS-CoV-2 strains evolution. Patients developing Neuro-PASC after breakthrough infection have a higher burden of comorbidities, highlighting different risk factors warranting targeted management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T04:08:04Z","timestamp":1733890084000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vaccination prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not affect the neurologic manifestations of long COVID"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shreya","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha A","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina S","family":"Perez Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millenia","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aasheeta P","family":"Bawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4783-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayush","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3182-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M","family":"Liotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor J","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL 60611 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010623511865000_fcae448-B1","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"2025010623511865000_fcae448-B2","author":"National Center for Health Statistic & US Census Bureau"},{"key":"2025010623511865000_fcae448-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07414-x","article-title":"Long COVID in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in a large cohort in Northwest Spain, a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Perez-Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025010623511865000_fcae448-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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