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Here we describe these religious motor behaviours and offer a taxonomy based on the conceptual schemes of movement neuroscience and neurology. Thus, religious rituals include both behaviours characterized by decreased motor output (e.g. ritualistic silence) and behaviours characterized by increased motor output (e.g. ritual dances). Neurology often also distinguishes between movements that are experienced as voluntary or involuntary. We show that this same distinction can also apply to religious experiences, since these may be characterized either by a heightened sense of personal control or a sense of being controlled by an external, divine source. We then use these conceptual structures of movement neuroscience to investigate examples from a wide range of religious contexts. We thereby categorize religious motor behaviours into different classes, focusing on specific examples: repetitive ritual actions; motor behaviours where the experience of volition is altered, such as automatisms; and possession-like states. We suggest that a scientific approach to these behaviours should include their predominant phenomenological presentation, the accompanying subjective experience of volition and the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. This investigation shows rich parallels between religious motor behaviours and motor behaviours observed in neurological disorders, including those that present with functional neurological symptoms. Our approach does not and should not pathologize religious motor behaviours, but rather draws attention to a rich set of non-clinical motor phenomena that highlights important social, cultural and psychological elements of human movement control. Movement neuroscience and religious activity have unexplored overlaps and can usefully learn from each other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T15:21:12Z","timestamp":1736781672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Voluntary and involuntary motor behaviours in the varieties of religious experience"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Ganos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder Clinic, Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Division of Neurology University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto ,","place":["Canada M5T 2S8"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , 10117 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham & Women\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2476-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL, Institute of Neurology , London WC1N 1PJ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailash P","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London , London WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Haggard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London , London WC1N 3AZ 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