{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1772503875051,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Excellence","award":["232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["232\/2016"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Advanced neuroimaging methods for the study of human cognition\u2019"},{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences, University of Trento"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009629","name":"Fondazione Caritro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u2018Bando per giovani ricercatori\u2019"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Functional neuroimaging studies in neurotypical subjects correlate sentence comprehension to a left fronto-temporo-parietal network. Recent voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) studies of aphasia confirm the link between sentence comprehension and a left posterior region including the angular gyrus, the supra-marginal gyrus and the postero-superior division of the temporal lobe but support left pre-frontal involvement inconsistently. However, these studies focus on thematic role assignment without considering morphosyntactic processes. Hence, available VLSM evidence could provide a partial view of the neurofunctional substrate of sentence comprehension. In the present VLSM study, both morphosyntactic and thematic processes were evaluated systematically and in the same sentence types in each participant, to provide a more detailed picture of the sentence comprehension network. Participants (33 patients with post-stroke aphasia and 90 healthy controls) completed a sentence\u2013picture matching task in which active and passive, declarative reversible sentences were paired with morphosyntactic, thematic and lexical-semantic alternatives. Phonological short-term memory tasks were also administered. Aphasic participants were selected from an initial pool of 70 because they scored below norm on thematic foils (n = 18) or on thematic and morphological foils (n = 15), but within the norm on lexical-semantic foils. The neurofunctional correlates of morphosyntactic and thematic processes were starkly distinguishable. Pre-frontal areas including the inferior and middle frontal gyrus were involved directly in processing local morphosyntactic features and only indirectly in thematic processes. When these areas were damaged, morphosyntactic errors always co-occurred with thematic errors, probably because morphosyntactic damage disrupts the assignment of grammatical roles and ultimately that of thematic roles. Morphosyntactic errors were not influenced by word order canonicity. In contrast, selective thematic role reversals were linked to temporal and parietal damage and were significantly influenced by word order, occurring on passive more than on active sentences. An area including the angular and supra-marginal gyrus was critical for processing non-canonical word order. In sentence comprehension, pre-frontal regions are critical for processing local morphosyntactic features (at least in simple declarative sentences). Temporal and parietal regions are critical for thematic processes. Postero-superior temporal areas are involved in retrieving verb argument structure. Parietal areas are critical for assigning morphosyntactically analysed constituents to the appropriate thematic role, thus serving a crucial function in thematic re-analysis. Each area plays a prevailing but not exclusive role in these processes, interacting with other areas in the network and possibly providing both the language-specific and the domain-general resources needed at various stages of sentence comprehension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:05:26Z","timestamp":1742774726000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct neural correlates of morphosyntactic and thematic comprehension processes in aphasia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Beber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences\u2014CIMeC, University of Trento , Rovereto 38068 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Associates , Roma 00195 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston 02129, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Tettamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milano 20126 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences\u2014CIMeC, University of Trento , Rovereto 38068 ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Brain Associates , Roma 00195 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0285(03)00005-7","article-title":"The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences","volume":"47","author":"Ferreira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogni Psychol"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B2","volume-title":"Head-driven phrase structure grammar","author":"Pollard","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B3","volume-title":"Lexical-functional syntax","author":"Bresnan","year":"2000","edition":"1st ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(03)00070-6","article-title":"The use of thematic role information in parsing: Syntactic processing autonomy revisited","volume":"49","author":"Clifton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mem and Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.11.002","article-title":"Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension","volume":"92","author":"Dronkers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117374","article-title":"Common and distinct neural substrates of sentence production and comprehension","volume":"224","author":"Lukic","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22096","article-title":"Damage to left anterior temporal cortex predicts impairment of complex syntactic processing: A lesion-symptom mapping study","volume":"34","author":"Magnusdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00118","article-title":"The neural basis of reversible sentence comprehension: Evidence from voxel-based lesion symptom mapping in aphasia","volume":"24","author":"Thothathiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq369","article-title":"Left inferior frontal cortex and syntax: Function, structure and behaviour in patients with left hemisphere damage","volume":"134","author":"Tyler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad327","article-title":"Neural basis of speech and grammar symptoms in non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia spectrum","volume":"147","author":"Lorca-Puls","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.007","article-title":"Adaptive significance of right hemisphere activation in aphasic language comprehension","volume":"51","author":"Meltzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.5.529","article-title":"The role of inferior parietal and inferior frontal cortex in working memory","volume":"20","author":"Baldo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5601509","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5601509","article-title":"Right hemisphere grey matter volume and language functions in stroke aphasia","volume":"2017","author":"Lukic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118778","article-title":"Functional differentiation in the language network revealed by lesion-symptom mapping","volume":"247","author":"Matchin","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac219","article-title":"The Wernicke conundrum revisited: Evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping","volume":"145","author":"Matchin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01200","article-title":"The neurobiology of agrammatic sentence comprehension: A lesion study","volume":"30","author":"Rogalsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003683","article-title":"Lesion localization of speech comprehension deficits in chronic aphasia","volume":"88","author":"Pillay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.9.1542","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of thematic role and locative relational knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/180852","article-title":"Impairments of syntactic comprehension in Korean and the location of ischemic stroke lesions: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.4.665","article-title":"Syntactic and semantic modulation of neural activity during auditory sentence comprehension","volume":"18","author":"Humphries","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20318","article-title":"An fMRI study of canonical and noncanonical word order in German","volume":"28","author":"Bahlmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.003","article-title":"Is Broca\u2019s area involved in the processing of passive sentences? An event-related fMRI study","volume":"45","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3283297dee","article-title":"The role of the posterior superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension","volume":"20","author":"Friederici","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.01.010","article-title":"Reconciling time, space and function: A new dorsal\u2013ventral stream model of sentence comprehension","volume":"125","author":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14980","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3706-09.2009","article-title":"Superior parietal cortex is critical for the manipulation of information in working memory","volume":"29","author":"Koenigs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.06.015","article-title":"Recovery of offline and online sentence processing in aphasia: Language and domain-general network neuroplasticity","volume":"120","author":"Barbieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01478","article-title":"Brain damage associated with impaired sentence processing in acute aphasia","volume":"32","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1075\/lfab.10.07tho","volume-title":"Structuring the argument","author":"Thompson","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24523","article-title":"Neural networks for sentence comprehension and production: An ALE-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"40","author":"Walenski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.025","article-title":"Thematic role assignment in the posterior parietal cortex: A TMS study","volume":"77","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B31","first-page":"416","article-title":"Thematic reanalysis in the left posterior parietal sulcus: A TMS study","volume":"2","author":"Finocchiaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Lang"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02130-6","article-title":"The role of the l-IPS in the comprehension of reversible and irreversible sentences: An rTMS study","volume":"225","author":"Vercesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.10.005","article-title":"Deficit-lesion correlations in syntactic comprehension in aphasia","volume":"152","author":"Caplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.001","article-title":"Sentence complexity and input modality effects in sentence comprehension: An fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Constable","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3031198","article-title":"Neural correlates of processing passive sentences","volume":"3","author":"Mack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww218","article-title":"Variable disruption of a syntactic processing network in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"139","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904322984535","article-title":"Grammaticality judgment in aphasia: Deficits are not specific to syntactic structures, aphasic syndromes, or lesion sites","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407794-2.00048-1","volume-title":"Neurobiology of Language","author":"Meyer","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz180","article-title":"The cortical organization of syntax","volume":"30","author":"Matchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.019","article-title":"Lesion analysis of cortical regions associated with the comprehension of nonreversible and reversible yes\/no questions","volume":"50","author":"Race","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(76)90048-1","article-title":"Dissociation of algorithmic and heuristic processes in language comprehension: Evidence from aphasia","volume":"3","author":"Caramazza","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(76)80007-X","article-title":"The nature of comprehension errors in Broca\u2019s, conduction and Wernicke\u2019s aphasics","volume":"12","author":"Heilman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90008-8","article-title":"Assignment of thematic roles to nouns in sentence comprehension by an agrammatic patient","volume":"27","author":"Caplan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90009-X","article-title":"Language deficits and the theory of syntax","volume":"27","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.11.006","article-title":"Patterns of comprehension performance in agrammatic Broca\u2019s aphasia: A test of the trace deletion hypothesis","volume":"94","author":"Caramazza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"5284","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5284.114","article-title":"Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension","volume":"274","author":"Just","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562843","article-title":"Effects of syntactic structure and propositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow","volume":"10","author":"Caplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80855-7","article-title":"Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension","volume":"24","author":"Dapretto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(200002)9:2<65::AID-HBM1>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Activation of Broca\u2019s area by syntactic processing under conditions of concurrent articulation","volume":"9","author":"Caplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0668","article-title":"Syntax and the brain: Disentangling grammar by selective anomalies","volume":"13","author":"Moro","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.047","article-title":"Working memory and syntax interact in Broca\u2019s area","volume":"37","author":"Santi","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"39","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112937108","article-title":"Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain","volume":"108","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00043","article-title":"Some regions within Broca\u2019s area do respond more strongly to sentences than to linguistically degraded stimuli: A comment on Rogalsky and Hickok","volume":"23","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0412","article-title":"PET studies of syntactic processing with auditory sentence presentation","volume":"9","author":"Caplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24514","article-title":"Cortical and structural-connectivity damage correlated with impaired syntactic processing in aphasia","volume":"40","author":"den Ouden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.05.001","article-title":"Agrammatic comprehension caused by a glioma in the left frontal cortex","volume":"110","author":"Kinno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu013","article-title":"Differential reorganization of three syntax-related networks induced by a left frontal glioma","volume":"137","author":"Kinno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1331-07.2007","article-title":"Anatomical correlates of sentence comprehension and verbal working memory in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"27","author":"Amici","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ea15e8","article-title":"Cortical neuroanatomic correlates of symptom severity in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"75","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq129","article-title":"Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia","volume":"133","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae003","article-title":"Was Broca wrong?","volume":"147","author":"Husain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.09.001","article-title":"The battle for Broca\u2019s region","volume":"12","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1201","article-title":"Neural correlates for the acquisition of natural language syntax","volume":"17","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70384-8","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area: A supramodal hierarchical processor?","volume":"42","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.09.004","article-title":"Word order and Broca\u2019s region: Evidence for a supra-syntactic perspective","volume":"111","author":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.03.007","article-title":"Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing","volume":"16","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118432501.ch12","volume-title":"The handbook of the neuropsychology of language","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2015.1066831","article-title":"Sentence processing selectivity in Broca\u2019s area: Evident for structure but not syntactic movement","volume":"30","author":"Rogalsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lang Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.07.004","article-title":"On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework","volume":"9","author":"Hagoort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99001788","article-title":"Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension","volume":"22","author":"Caplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.01459","article-title":"The neural reality of syntactic transformations: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20070","article-title":"Revisiting the role of Broca\u2019s area in sentence processing: Syntactic integration versus syntactic working memory","volume":"24","author":"Fiebach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01947-2","article-title":"The brain circuitry of syntactic comprehension","volume":"6","author":"Kaan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701211928","article-title":"Processing of syntactically complex sentences relies on verbal short-term memory: Evidence from a short-term memory patient","volume":"24","author":"Papagno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.019","article-title":"A case for the involvement of phonological loop in sentence comprehension","volume":"48","author":"Lauro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.08.028","article-title":"Is STM involved in sentence comprehension?","volume":"112","author":"Papagno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21530","article-title":"The role of Broca\u2019s area in sentence comprehension","volume":"23","author":"Rogalsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298408252018","article-title":"Phonological short-term store, phonological processing and sentence comprehension: A neuropsychological case study","volume":"1","author":"Vallar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14792","article-title":"Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation","volume":"94","author":"Thompson-Schill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00359-2","article-title":"Recovering meaning: Left prefrontal cortex guides controlled semantic retrieval","volume":"31","author":"Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.5.3.263","article-title":"Cognitive control and parsing: Reexamining the role of Broca\u2019s area in sentence comprehension","volume":"5","author":"Novick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-024-09648-0","article-title":"The neurofunctional correlates of morphosyntactic and thematic impairments in aphasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Beber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290152541386","article-title":"Grammatical distinctions in the left frontal cortex","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.05.005","article-title":"The dissociability of lexical retrieval and morphosyntactic processes for nouns and verbs: A functional and anatomoclinical study","volume":"159","author":"Benetello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504142103","article-title":"Cortical signatures of noun and verb production","volume":"103","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8375","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408213102","article-title":"Differentiating lexical form, meaning, and structure in the neural language system","volume":"102","author":"Tyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.018","article-title":"Distinguishable neural correlates of verbs and nouns: A MEG study on homonyms","volume":"54","author":"Tsigka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20045","article-title":"Processing nouns and verbs in the left frontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"20","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.016","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area plays a causal role in morphosyntactic processing","volume":"50","author":"Carreiras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B90","volume-title":"Batteria per l\u2019Analisi Dei Deficit Afasici\u2014B.A.D.A","author":"Miceli","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B91","author":"FSL\u2014FMRIB Software Library"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0845","article-title":"Spatial normalization of brain images with focal lesions using cost function masking","volume":"14","author":"Brett","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.003","article-title":"Cost function masking during normalization of brains with focal lesions: Still a necessity?","volume":"53","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1050","article-title":"Voxel-based lesion\u2013symptom mapping","volume":"6","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.7.1081","article-title":"Improving lesion-symptom mapping","volume":"19","author":"Rorden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B97","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Spatial learning and attention guidance","author":"Karnath","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4036(200001)42:1<17::AID-BIMJ17>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"The nonparametric Behrens-Fisher problem: Asymptotic theory and a small-sample approximation","volume":"42","author":"Brunner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B99","volume-title":"\u00dcber Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung in Anwendung auf therapeutische Statistik","author":"Liebermeister","year":"1877"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.4.462","article-title":"Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET","volume":"9","author":"Jonides","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20501","article-title":"The search for the phonological store: From loop to convolution","volume":"20","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp273","article-title":"The left superior temporal gyrus is a shared substrate for auditory short-term memory and speech comprehension: Evidence from 210 patients with stroke","volume":"132","author":"Leff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B104","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","author":"Pickles","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.03.006","article-title":"The lateral occipitotemporal cortex in action","volume":"19","author":"Lingnau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.12.005","article-title":"How the brain processes different dimensions of argument structure complexity: Evidence from fMRI","volume":"142","author":"Meltzer-Asscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21334","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of verb argument structure processing in agrammatic aphasic and healthy age-matched listeners","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp249","article-title":"Neural aspects of sentence comprehension: Syntactic complexity, reversibility, and reanalysis","volume":"20","author":"Meltzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.001","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area is not a natural kind","volume":"24","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.013","article-title":"Left posterior inferior frontal gyrus is causally involved in reordering during sentence processing","volume":"148","author":"Kuhnke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2306279120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306279120","article-title":"Causal evidence for a coordinated temporal interplay within the language network","volume":"120","author":"Schro\u00ebn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(82)90017-8","article-title":"Functional constraints on sentence processing: A cross-linguistic study","volume":"11","author":"Bates","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90116-7","article-title":"Comprehension in aphasia: A cross-linguistic study","volume":"32","author":"Bates","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.12.013","article-title":"Discriminating nonfluent\/agrammatic and logopenic PPA variants with automatically extracted morphosyntactic measures from connected speech","volume":"173","author":"Lukic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B115","volume-title":"L\u2019agrammatisme","author":"Tissot","year":"1973"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(88)90069-7","article-title":"Agrammatism in sentence production without comprehension deficits: Reduced availability of syntactic structures and\/or of grammatical morphemes? A case study","volume":"33","author":"Nespoulous","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(89)90091-6","article-title":"The disruption of sentence production: Some dissociations","volume":"36","author":"Caramazza","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(01)00038-0","article-title":"Selective impairment of morphosyntactic production in a neurological patient","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(83)90056-1","article-title":"Contrasting cases of Italian agrammatic aphasia without comprehension disorder","volume":"19","author":"Miceli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.066","article-title":"Cortical activation in the processing of passive sentences in L1 and L2: An fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21146","article-title":"Who was the agent? The neural correlates of reanalysis processes during sentence comprehension","volume":"32","author":"Hirotani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10006","article-title":"Neural basis for sentence comprehension: Grammatical and short-term memory components","volume":"15","author":"Cooke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20044","article-title":"Syntactic and thematic constraint effects on blood oxygenation level dependent signal correlates of comprehension of relative clauses","volume":"20","author":"Caplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1493","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2158","article-title":"Fronto-temporal brain systems supporting spoken language comprehension","volume":"363","author":"Tyler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.034","article-title":"fMRI adaptation dissociates syntactic complexity dimensions","volume":"51","author":"Santi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032523025761900_fcaf093-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2013.06.003","article-title":"The processing of different syntactic structures: fMRI investigation of the linguistic distinction between wh-movement and verb movement","volume":"27","author":"Shetreet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/2\/fcaf093\/62334267\/fcaf093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/2\/fcaf093\/62334267\/fcaf093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T07:57:42Z","timestamp":1743235062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf093\/8062590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf093"}}