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Differentiating regional brain volume changes in Hakim\u2019s disease from those in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Hakim\u2019s disease with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and mild cognitive impairment provides insights into disease-specific mechanisms. This study aimed to identify disease-specific patterns of brain volume changes in Hakim\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Hakim\u2019s disease with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and mild cognitive impairment and compare them with those in cognitively healthy individuals using an advanced artificial intelligence-based brain segmentation tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The study included 970 participants, comprising 52 patients with Hakim\u2019s disease, 256 with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, 25 with Hakim\u2019s disease with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, 163 with mild cognitive impairment, and 474 healthy controls. The intracranial spaces were segmented into 100 brain and 7 CSF subregions from 3D T1-weighted MRIs using brain subregion analysis. The volume ratios of these regions were compared among the groups using Glass\u2019s \u0394, referencing 400 healthy controls aged \u226550 years. Hakim\u2019s disease exhibited significant volume reduction in the supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe and the paracentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. Alzheimer\u2019s disease exhibited prominent volume loss in the hippocampus and temporal lobe, particularly in the entorhinal cortex, fusiform gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus. Hakim\u2019s disease with Alzheimer\u2019s disease showed significant volume reductions in the supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe, similar to Hakim\u2019s disease, whereas temporal lobe volumes were relatively preserved compared with those in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Patients with mild cognitive impairment aged \u226570 years had comparable regional brain volume ratios with healthy controls in the same age group. The Hakim\u2019s disease and Hakim\u2019s disease with Alzheimer\u2019s disease groups were characterized by volume reductions in the frontal and parietal lobes caused by disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus-related compression compared with temporal lobe atrophy observed in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease group. These disease-specific morphological changes highlight the need for longitudinal studies to clarify the causes of compression and atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T06:32:27Z","timestamp":1742711547000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regional brain volume changes in Hakim\u2019s disease versus Alzheimer\u2019s and mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science , Aichi, 467-8601 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies\/Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, 153-8505 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School of Medicine , Yamagata, 990-9585 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Internal Medicine III, Yamagata University School of Medicine , Yamagata, 990-9585 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyasu","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science , Aichi, 467-8601 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Tanikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science , Aichi, 467-8601 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