{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:44:53Z","timestamp":1791362693611,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":105,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University College London (UCL) Centre for Doctoral Training in Intelligent, Integrated Imaging in Healthcare","award":["EP\/S021930\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S021930\/1"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health\u2019s National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals"},{"name":"United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council via NO\u2019s Future Leaders Fellowship","award":["MRC MR\/S03546X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC MR\/S03546X\/1"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Career Development Award (","award":["#225263\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#225263\/Z\/22\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Career Development Award (","award":["University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"]}]},{"name":"UCL\u2019s Progression of Neurodegenerative Disease"},{"name":"Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Subtypes","award":["JPND 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND 2019"]}]},{"name":"Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Subtypes","award":["MR\/T046422\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T046422\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCL, Bloomsbury and East London Doctoral Training Partnership","award":["ES\/P000592\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000592\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MJFF-022801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MJFF-022801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AG058854-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AG058854-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1RO1NS107513-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1NS107513-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS107513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS107513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14-440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14-573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001530","name":"Canterbury Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001543","name":"Neurological Foundation of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1635-PG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1635-PG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001543","name":"Neurological Foundation of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2232-PRG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2232-PRG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Otago Research Grant, Brain Research New Zealand"},{"name":"Research and Education Trust Pacific Radiology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12375706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12375706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020940","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS115114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS115114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020940","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020940","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 NS062684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 NS062684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020940","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01-AG084497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01-AG084497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020940","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS107513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS107513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Health Clinical Research Facility"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Enhancing Neuroimaging through Meta-Analysis consortium Parkinson\u2019s Disease","award":["ENIGMA-PD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENIGMA-PD"]}]},{"name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK, Cure Parkinson\u2019s Trust"},{"name":"Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004032","name":"Parkinson Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Despite this, there are no robust biomarkers to predict progression, and understanding of disease mechanisms is limited. We used the Subtype and Stage Inference algorithm to characterize Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity in terms of spatiotemporal subtypes of macroscopic atrophy detectable on T1-weighted MRI\u2014a successful approach used in other neurodegenerative diseases. We trained the model on covariate-adjusted cortical thicknesses and subcortical volumes from the largest known T1-weighted MRI dataset in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Enhancing Neuroimaging through Meta-Analysis consortium Parkinson\u2019s Disease dataset (n = 1100 cases). We tested the model by analyzing clinical progression over up to 9 years in openly-available data from people with Parkinson\u2019s disease from the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative (n = 584 cases). Under cross-validation, our analysis supported three spatiotemporal atrophy subtypes, named for the location of the earliest affected regions as: \u2018Subcortical\u2019 (n = 359, 33%), \u2018Limbic\u2019 (n = 237, 22%) and \u2018Cortical\u2019 (n = 187, 17%). A fourth subgroup having sub-threshold\/no atrophy was named \u2018Sub-threshold atrophy\u2019 (n = 317, 29%). Statistical differences in clinical scores existed between the no-atrophy subgroup and the atrophy subtypes, but not among the atrophy subtypes. This suggests that the prime T1-weighted MRI delineator of clinical differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease is atrophy severity, rather than atrophy location. Future work on unravelling the biological and clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson\u2019s disease should leverage more sensitive neuroimaging modalities and multimodal data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:01:54Z","timestamp":1744477314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuroimaging-based data-driven subtypes of spatiotemporal atrophy due to Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeena","family":"Shawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute and Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Shand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute and Department of Computer Science, University College London , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute and Department of Computer Science, University College London , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk W","family":"Berendse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurodegeneration , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Vriend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Compulsivity Impulsivity & Attention , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim D","family":"van Balkom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Compulsivity Impulsivity & Attention , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile A","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Compulsivity Impulsivity & Attention , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ysbrand D","family":"van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Compulsivity Impulsivity & Attention , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2422-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiun-jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Keelung 204 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Druzgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22903 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0668-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin T","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22903 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy R","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"New Zealand Brain Research Institute , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"Te Kura Mahi \u0101-Hirikapo, School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury , Christchurch 8041 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni L","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"New Zealand Brain Research Institute , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Dalrymple-Alford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"New Zealand Brain Research Institute , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"Te Kura Mahi \u0101-Hirikapo, School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury , Christchurch 8041 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"New Zealand Brain Research Institute , Christchurch 8011 ,","place":["New Zealand"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Te Whatu Ora Health NZ , Waitaha Canterbury 8140 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00ebtan","family":"Garraux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoVeRe Group, CRC Human Imaging, GIGA Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Institute, University of Liege , 4000 Liege ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Excellence Interdepartmental Center for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques, Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda, IRCCS, Policlinico, University of Studies of Milano , Milano 20122 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Schwingenschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Suette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Salford M6 8HD ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Al-Bachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9DU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6382-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele T M","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), University of Oxford , Oxford OX3 9DU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey T","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , 00179 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , 00179 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clelia","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , 00179 Rome ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Clinical Neuroscience Center , Shanghai 200031 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen L","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford , Palo Alto, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford , Palo Alto, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP , Campinas 13083-872 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology , University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-888 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa L","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP , Campinas 13083-872 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology , University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-888 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duygu","family":"Tosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD 4006 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90033 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Jahanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain eScience, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90292 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Owens-Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90033 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"d\u2019Angremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurodegeneration , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M","family":"van Heese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurodegeneration , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max A","family":"Laansma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurodegeneration , 1081 Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute and Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ENIGMA Parkinson\u2019s Disease Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max A","family":"Laansma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna K","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Al-Bachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Ard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Assogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A","family":"Baquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk W","family":"Berendse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benajmin","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C","family":"Dalrymple-Alford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob M A","family":"de Bie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Debove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel F","family":"Dirkx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Druzgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedley C A","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e4etan","family":"Garraux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel P","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris A","family":"Gutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick C","family":"Helmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes C","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare E","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey T","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy R","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni L","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen L","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia F","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane S","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas S R","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhold","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Schwingenschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Spalletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Squarcina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile A","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Vriend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiun-Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Wiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa L","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Jahanshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ysbrand D","family":"van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rimona S","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London W1T 7NF ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil P","family":"Oxtoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Hawkes Institute and Department of Computer Science, University College London , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10291","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Feigin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","article-title":"The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.033530","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach","volume":"76","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"454","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam6003","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6003","article-title":"Finding useful biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Chen-Plotkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.3.308","article-title":"What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"69","author":"Schrag","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13691","article-title":"The clinical symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Sveinbjornsdottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00109-6","article-title":"Assessment of heterogeneity among participants in the Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative cohort using alpha-synuclein seed amplification: A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Siderowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Clifford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70291-0","article-title":"Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Clifford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00779-6","article-title":"Data-driven modelling of neurodegenerative disease progression: Thinking outside the black box","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu176","article-title":"A data-driven model of biomarker changes in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"137","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5S","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.003","article-title":"Estimating long-term multivariate progression from short-term data","volume":"10","author":"Donohue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05892-0","article-title":"Uncovering the heterogeneity and temporal complexity of neurodegenerative diseases with subtype and stage inference","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01309-6","article-title":"Four distinct trajectories of tau deposition identified in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000488780","article-title":"Estimating the evolution of disease in the Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative","volume":"18","author":"Iddi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa461","article-title":"Sequence of clinical and neurodegeneration events in Parkinson\u2019s disease progression","volume":"144","author":"Oxtoby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.13112","article-title":"Data-driven disease progression model of Parkinson\u2019s disease and effect of sex and genetic variants","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29708","article-title":"Transitioning from subtyping to precision medicine in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A purpose-driven approach","volume":"39","author":"Marras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B20","first-page":"6211","article-title":"Clustering interval-censored time-series for disease phenotyping","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.07.014","article-title":"Unraveling Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity using subtypes based on multimodal data","volume":"102","author":"Albrecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00556-3","article-title":"Two distinct trajectories of clinical and neurodegeneration events in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3031478","article-title":"Robust Bayesian analysis of early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease progression using DaTscan images","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx118","article-title":"Clinical criteria for subtyping Parkinson\u2019s disease: Biomarkers and longitudinal progression","volume":"140","author":"Fereshtehnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000219","article-title":"Subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease: State of the field and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Marras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B26","first-page":"395","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes: Critical appraisal and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Mestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28493","article-title":"The logic and pitfalls of Parkinson\u2019s disease as \u201cbrain-first\u201d versus \u201cbody-first\u201d subtypes","volume":"36","author":"Fearon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106101","article-title":"Brain-first vs. Body-first Parkinson\u2019s disease: An update on recent evidence","volume":"122","author":"Horsager","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24261","article-title":"Prioritized research recommendations from the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke Parkinson\u2019s disease 2014 conference","volume":"76","author":"Sieber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26510","article-title":"Nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes","volume":"31","author":"Marras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1529","article-title":"Variable expression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A base-line analysis of the DATATOP cohort. The Parkinson study group","volume":"40","author":"Jankovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070244","article-title":"The heterogeneity of early Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cluster analysis on newly diagnosed untreated patients","volume":"8","author":"Erro","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25062","article-title":"Clinical differences among mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002461","article-title":"Age at onset and Parkinson disease phenotype","volume":"86","author":"Pagano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23346","article-title":"Clinical subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"van Rooden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.026","article-title":"Clinical clusters and dopaminergic dysfunction in de-novo Parkinson disease","volume":"28","author":"Erro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00439-z","article-title":"Identification and prediction of Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes and progression using machine learning in two cohorts","volume":"8","author":"Dadu","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01175-9","article-title":"Identification of Parkinson\u2019s disease PACE subtypes and repurposing treatments through integrative analyses of multimodal data","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37545-z","article-title":"Data-driven subtyping of Parkinson\u2019s disease using longitudinal clinical records: A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e555","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00101-1","article-title":"Discovery of Parkinson\u2019s disease states and disease progression modelling: A longitudinal data study using machine learning","volume":"3","author":"Severson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318337","article-title":"Developing and validating Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes and their motor and cognitive progression","volume":"89","author":"Lawton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25844","article-title":"Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS task force on the definition of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.009","article-title":"Reproducibility of data-driven Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes for clinical research","volume":"56","author":"Mestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Su","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.18.21260731"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-425","article-title":"Longitudinal clustering analysis and prediction of Parkinson\u2019s disease progression using radiomics and hybrid machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Salmanpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828cfaa4","article-title":"Gray matter atrophy distinguishes between Parkinson disease motor subtypes","volume":"80","author":"Rosenberg-Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2021.100811","article-title":"Pysustain: A python implementation of the subtype and stage inference algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Aksman","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28706","article-title":"International multicenter analysis of brain structure across clinical stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Laansma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Shand","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.07.23285572"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1692","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200148","article-title":"Spatial-temporal patterns of \u03b2-amyloid accumulation","volume":"98","author":"Collij","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22265-2","article-title":"Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data","volume":"12","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012410","article-title":"Characterizing the clinical features and atrophy patterns of MAPT-related frontotemporal dementia with disease progression modeling","volume":"97","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.09.005","article-title":"The Parkinson progression marker initiative (PPMI)","volume":"95","author":"Marek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B54"},{"issue":"15_supplement","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.94.15_supplement.2490","article-title":"PPMI 2.O new science\/new cohorts\u2014Transforming PPMI (2490)","volume":"94","author":"Marek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B56","volume-title":"PPMI Assessment & eCRF completion manual","author":"Initiative PPM","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B57","author":"Clarke"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Carley","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.n92ldmw6ol5b\/v2"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis: II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system","volume":"9","author":"Fischl","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","article-title":"Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images","volume":"97","author":"Fischl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00171","article-title":"101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab211","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab211","article-title":"The enigma and implications of brain hemispheric asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"3","author":"Lubben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.024","article-title":"Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites","volume":"167","author":"Fortin","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10463-012-0353-1","article-title":"Resampling-based information criteria for best-subset regression","volume":"64","author":"Reiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Inst Stat Math"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.062","article-title":"An event-based model for disease progression and its application in familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease and huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Fonteijn","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33226-6_13","volume-title":"Multimodal brain image analysis and mathematical foundations of computational anatomy","author":"Marinescu","year":"2019","edition":"eds"},{"issue":"31","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: Statistics in python","volume":"3","author":"Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"36","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01169","article-title":"scikit-posthocs: Pairwise multiple comparison tests in python","volume":"4","author":"Terpilowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B71","volume-title":"Applying contemporary statistical techniques","author":"Wilcox","year":"2003"},{"issue":"260","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Conover","DOI":"10.2172\/6057803"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"Scipy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B75","author":"Seabold"},{"issue":"212","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B76","first-page":"1","article-title":"scikit-survival: A library for time-to-event analysis built on top of scikit-learn","volume":"21","author":"P\u00f6lsterl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fc29c9","article-title":"The MoCA: Well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"Dalrymple-Alford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw002","article-title":"Normative data of the Montreal cognitive assessment in the Greek population and parkinsonian dementia","volume":"31","author":"Konstantopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol Off J Natl Acad Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.027","article-title":"Age-related selection bias in Parkinson\u2019s disease research: Are we recruiting the right participants?","volume":"55","author":"Macleod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.05.012","article-title":"Progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients\u2019 subtypes based on cortical thinning: 4-year follow-up","volume":"64","author":"Uribe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Etiopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000796","article-title":"Quantitative MRI markers in Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Arribarat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2016.05.006","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"40","author":"Al-Radaideh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322042","article-title":"Brain iron deposition is linked with cognitive severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"91","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.09.031","article-title":"Longitudinal intracortical diffusivity changes in de-novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: A promising imaging biomarker","volume":"68","author":"Sampedro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12673","article-title":"Imaging markers of progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Strafella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22302","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with a distributed pattern of brain white matter damage","volume":"35","author":"Agosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcae130","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae130","article-title":"Neuroimaging and plasma evidence of early white matter loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease with poor outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Zarkali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209699","article-title":"Long-term dementia risk in Parkinson disease","volume":"103","author":"Gallagher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120005","article-title":"Transferability of Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression subtypes to an independent population cohort","volume":"271","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.03.024","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks","volume":"62","author":"Seeley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Faghri","DOI":"10.1101\/338913"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010112","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease subtyping using clinical features and biomarkers: Literature review and preliminary study of subtype clustering","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26590","article-title":"Patterns of cortical thinning in nondemented Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"31","author":"Uribe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000153070.82309.D4","article-title":"Temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in Parkinson disease with dementia","volume":"64","author":"Tam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000153432","article-title":"A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of entorhinal Cortex volume in dementia with Lewy bodies: A comparison with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without dementia","volume":"26","author":"Kenny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr277","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"135","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00759-2","article-title":"MRI subtypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease across diverse populations and clustering approaches","volume":"10","author":"Inguanzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Park Dis"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kkae002","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkae002","article-title":"Identification of Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes with distinct brain atrophy progression and its association with clinical progression","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae303","article-title":"Delineating three distinct spatiotemporal patterns of brain atrophy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"147","author":"Sakato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13318","article-title":"Dream content predicts motor and cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Otaiku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331083","article-title":"Visual dysfunction is a better predictor than retinal thickness for dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"94","author":"Hannaway","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30122-9","article-title":"Prediction of cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease with a clinical-genetic score: A longitudinal analysis of nine cohorts","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30328-3","article-title":"Clinical variables and biomarkers in prediction of cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Schrag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30291-5","article-title":"Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: A retrospective analysis","volume":"16","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.010","article-title":"MRI-derived measurements of human subcortical, ventricular and intracranial brain volumes: Reliability effects of scan sessions, acquisition sequences, data analyses, scanner upgrade, scanner vendors and field strengths","volume":"46","author":"Jovicich","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118751","article-title":"Reliability of structural MRI measurements: The effects of scan session, head tilt, inter-scan interval, acquisition sequence, FreeSurfer version and processing stream","volume":"246","author":"Hedges","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22856","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of freesurfer measurements within and between sites: Effects of visual approval process","volume":"36","author":"Iscan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2020.101879","article-title":"Detect and correct bias in multi-site neuroimaging datasets","volume":"67","author":"Wachinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116450","article-title":"Harmonization of large MRI datasets for the analysis of brain imaging patterns throughout the lifespan","volume":"208","author":"Pomponio","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B111","first-page":"899","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative: A milestone-based strategy to monitor Parkinson\u2019s disease progression","volume":"13","author":"Brumm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29683","article-title":"A statement of the MDS on biological definition, staging, and classification of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Cardoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200878","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein seed amplification assays for diagnosing synucleinopathies","volume":"99","author":"Bellomo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15516","article-title":"The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"159","author":"Bidesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29702","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of magnetic susceptibility with clinical severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042900562366100_fcaf146-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0703","article-title":"New clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease and their longitudinal progression: A prospective cohort comparison with other phenotypes","volume":"72","author":"Fereshtehnejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf146\/62941156\/fcaf146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/2\/fcaf146\/62941156\/fcaf146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/2\/fcaf146\/62941156\/fcaf146.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:56:44Z","timestamp":1745888204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf146\/8114734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf146"}}