{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:35:41Z","timestamp":1787063741342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":114,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013278","name":"EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Precision Medicine Interventions in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","award":["PMI-AD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMI-AD"]}]},{"name":"Precision Medicine Interventions in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","award":["NRC 311993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC 311993"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse-Nord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF1540-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1540-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse-Nord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF1569-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1569-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013263","name":"Norwegian Health Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Females have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). The innate immune system plays a key role in AD pathology, and sex differences in innate immune responses may contribute to differences in disease risk and progression. This study investigated sex differences in innate immune responses among participants without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) determined amyloid pathology [A\u2013; cognitively normal (CN), n = 83] and those with amyloid pathology (A+, n = 202), further stratified into preclinical (CN with A+, n = 72) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI with A+, n = 130). Participants were drawn from the Norwegian Dementia Disease Initiation cohort (n = 285). We measured plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CSF concentrations of nine innate immune markers: soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), fractalkine, chitinase 3-like 1 (YKL-40), clusterin, interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and IL-18. Linear regression was used, adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate. In A+ cases (n = 202, females = 105), females had lower MCP-1 (P \u00a0&amp;lt; 0.01), IL-6 and IL-18 (both P \u00a0&amp;lt; 0.05) than males, while no sex differences were observed in A\u2013 cases (n = 83, females = 39). Among A+ participants, no sex differences were observed in CN cases (n = 72, females = 37), but females (n = 68) with MCI had lower MCP-1 and IL-6 (both P \u00a0&amp;lt; 0.05) than males (n = 62) with MCI. Moreover, A+ females exhibited stronger positive associations between sTREM2 and clusterin with CSF total tau (P &amp;lt; 0.001; P &amp;lt; 0.05) and Neurofilament light chain (P &amp;lt; 0.01; P &amp;lt; 0.01) than males. These findings suggest sex-specific differences in innate immune responses, which may contribute to disease progression in amyloid-positive individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T06:42:40Z","timestamp":1745476960000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sexual dimorphisms in innate immune activation markers in predementia Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1628-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Knudtzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway , 9038 Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Troms\u00f8 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Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo , 1478 L\u00f8renskog ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Jarholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital , 1478 L\u00f8renskog ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , 0318 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Br\u00e5then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital , 7491 Trondheim ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild Eide","family":"Skogseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine and the Neuro-SysMed Centre, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital , 5021 Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , 5021 Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Waterloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway , 9038 Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Selnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital , 1478 L\u00f8renskog 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