{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:40:22Z","timestamp":1785894022042,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":164,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-2017-08-ST2-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-2017-08-ST2-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000381","name":"United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Choroid plexus enlargement is a promising biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. However, longitudinal changes in choroid plexus volume and microstructural integrity remain unclear. This study investigated temporal changes in choroid plexus measures and their correlations with clinical disability and brain volume changes over 18 months and the entire disease duration. We recruited consecutive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients at treatment initiation who were then invited to come back for clinical, neuropsychological and brain MRI assessments at 6 and 18 months. Choroid plexus volume was measured using FreeSurfer and Gaussian Mixture Models on 3D-T1-weighted scans, and choroid plexus T1\/T2 ratio was calculated from conventional 3D-T1- and T2-weighted images. Brain lesion, whole brain, grey matter, and white matter volumes were measured. Alternating conditional expectation algorithm was used to estimate trajectories of changes in choroid plexus measures over the entire disease course. Multiple linear regression and mixed effects models were used to investigate associations of choroid plexus measures with clinical and MRI measures. False discovery rate correction was applied. 422 RRMS patients were recruited [mean age: 40.8 years (SD 10.9), mean disease duration: 9.5 years (SD 17.4), median expanded disability status scale: 2.0 (IQR: 1.5\u20133.5); mean symbol digit modalities test score: 50.6 (SD 14.7), mean brief visuospatial memory test-revised score: 25 (SD7.6)]; 276 participants were studied at 6-months follow-up and 80 at 18-months. During the entire disease course, an initial increase in normalized choroid plexus volume was observed, followed by a plateau; T1\/T2 ratio decreased initially, but then increased once the volume had stabilized. When examining changes in choroid plexus volumes over a median follow-up of 8.6 months, significant increases in both choroid plexus volumes [\u03b2 = 0.45, standard error = 0.11, False discovery rate-corrected P &amp;lt; 0.001)] and T1\/T2 ratios (\u03b2 = 0.29, standard error = 0.14, False discovery rate-corrected P = 0.05) were observed. A higher baseline choroid plexus T1\/T2 ratio was linked to a faster rate of decrease in normalized brain volume (\u03b2 = \u22120.21, standard error = 0.08, False discovery rate-corrected P = 0.01) and deep grey matter volume (\u03b2 = \u22120.25, standard error = 0.10, False discovery rate-corrected P = 0.03) over time. Higher baseline choroid plexus T1\/T2 values were associated with worsening performance on brief visuospatial memory test-revised over time (\u03b2 = \u22120.23, standard error = 0.10, False discovery rate-corrected P = 0.04). Changes in choroid plexus measures over time appear non-linear, with volumes increasing earlier in the disease course and T1\/T2 ratios rising later. After a mean disease duration of 9.5 years, higher choroid plexus T1\/T2 ratios, but not volume, predicted faster memory decline and whole brain and deep grey matter volume loss, underscoring the value of assessing choroid plexus microstructure, alongside volumes, in predicting clinical and MRI outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T12:54:02Z","timestamp":1749905642000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The temporal dynamics and clinical relevance of choroid plexus measures in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermelinda","family":"De Meo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence , 50100 Florence ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarmad","family":"Al-Araji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baris","family":"Kanber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre , London, WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London, WC1V 6LJ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charmaine Hiu-Ying","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Neurology Department, Cleveland Clinic London , London, SW1X 7HY ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraya","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0454-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jed","family":"Wingrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abdel-Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuriti","family":"Aojula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Champsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children , London, WC1N 1LE ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weaam","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hammam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation , London, SE5 9RS ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, NHS , Redditch, WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Hacohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children , London, WC1N 1LE ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7872-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London, WC1V 6LJ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"eHealth Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya , Barcelona, 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Barkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre , London, WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London , London, WC1V 6LJ ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam, 1081 HV ,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Chard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre , London, WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology , London, WC1B 5EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre , London, WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, WC1N 3BG ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00838-7","article-title":"Meningeal inflammation as a driver of cortical grey matter pathology and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.02.002","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Role of meningeal lymphoid aggregates in progression independent of relapse activity","volume":"44","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231199031","article-title":"Association of MRI leptomeningeal enhancement with disability worsening in progressive multiple sclerosis: A clinical and post-mortem study","volume":"29","author":"Vercellino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104789","article-title":"Cross-talk between B cells, microglia and macrophages, and implications to central nervous system compartmentalized inflammation and progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Touil","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","article-title":"A lymphocyte-microglia-astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis","volume":"597","author":"Absinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025000118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025000118","article-title":"Translational value of choroid plexus imaging for tracking neuroinflammation in mice and humans","volume":"118","author":"Fleischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1716","article-title":"C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE","volume":"10","author":"Reboldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035","article-title":"Involvement of the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis autoimmune inflammation: A neuropathological study","volume":"199","author":"Vercellino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20010101)52:1<112::AID-JEMT13>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Involvement of the choroid plexus in central nervous system inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116904","article-title":"Choroid plexus changes on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"415","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1147","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001147","article-title":"Choroid Plexus volume in multiple sclerosis vs neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorder: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac334","article-title":"Periventricular remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis: A substrate for neurodegeneration","volume":"146","author":"Tonietto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51644","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume in multiple sclerosis predicts expansion of chronic lesions and brain atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Klistorner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-15","article-title":"Active induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by MOG35-55 peptide immunization is associated with differential responses in separate compartments of the choroid plexus","volume":"9","author":"Murugesan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206806","article-title":"Understanding the role of the choroid Plexus in multiple sclerosis as an MRI biomarker of disease activity","volume":"100","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13162668","article-title":"Choroid Plexus volume change-A candidate for a new radiological marker of MS progression","volume":"13:","author":"Jankowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241228423","article-title":"Longitudinal enlargement of choroid plexus is associated with chronic lesion expansion and neurodegeneration in RRMS patients","volume":"30","author":"Klistorner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e911","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201608","article-title":"Association of choroid Plexus inflammation on MRI with clinical disability progression over 5 years in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Bergsland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241233448","article-title":"T1\/T2-weighted ratio: A feasible MRI biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Boaventura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.003","article-title":"Estimating long-term multivariate progression from short-term data","volume":"10","author":"Donohue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000809","article-title":"Effect of switching from natalizumab to moderate- vs high-efficacy DMT in clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Hersh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-55","article-title":"Brief international cognitive assessment for MS (BICAMS): International standards for validation","volume":"12","author":"Benedict","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B24","volume-title":"Symbol digit modalities test","author":"Smith","year":"1973"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B25","article-title":"California verbal learning test","author":"Delis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B26","author":"Benedict"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101638","article-title":"One-shot domain adaptation in multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation using convolutional neural networks","volume":"21","author":"Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22214","article-title":"Reducing the impact of white matter lesions on automated measures of brain gray and white matter volumes","volume":"32","author":"Chard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190706","article-title":"Improving choroid Plexus segmentation in the healthy and diseased brain: Relevance for tau-PET imaging in dementia","volume":"74","author":"Tadayon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007963824710","article-title":"SUSAN\u2014A new approach to low level image processing","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200026","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200026","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of choroid plexuses in presymptomatic multiple sclerosis: A retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00671","article-title":"Whole brain myelin mapping using T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging data","volume":"8","author":"Ganzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2180-11.2011","article-title":"Mapping human cortical areas in vivo based on myelin content as revealed by T1- and T2-weighted MRI","volume":"31","author":"Glasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.060","article-title":"Trends and properties of human cerebral cortex: Correlations with cortical myelin content","volume":"93","author":"Glasser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2046908","article-title":"N4ITK: Improved N3 bias correction","volume":"29","author":"Tustison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00671","article-title":"Whole brain myelin mapping using T1-and T2-weighted MR imaging data","volume":"8","author":"Ganzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734992","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.734992","article-title":"Characterization of age-related differences in the human choroid plexus volume, microstructural integrity, and blood perfusion using multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"13","author":"Alisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000201183.87175.9f","article-title":"Ventricular enlargement in MS: One-year change at various stages of disease","volume":"66","author":"Dalton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105668","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement is associated with future periventricular neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"Bergsland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1001-9","article-title":"Clonally expanded mitochondrial DNA deletions within the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70256-X","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Mahad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1","article-title":"Inflammation of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis: Accumulation of granulocytes and T cells","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1433000100","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: Evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin","volume":"100","author":"Kivis\u00e4kk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8156-6","article-title":"Tissue damage within normal appearing white matter in early multiple sclerosis: Assessment by the ratio of T1- and T2-weighted MR image intensity","volume":"263","author":"Beer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46566-1","article-title":"MRI coupled with clinically-applicable iron oxide nanoparticles reveals choroid plexus involvement in a murine model of neuroinflammation","volume":"9","author":"Hubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850000600507","article-title":"A longitudinal study of ventricular volume in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Luks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1689","article-title":"Detection of ventricular enlargement in patients at the earliest clinical stage of MS","volume":"54","author":"Brex","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09565-w","article-title":"New and enlarging white matter lesions adjacent to the ventricle system and thalamic atrophy are independently associated with lateral ventricular enlargement in multiple sclerosis","volume":"267","author":"Sinnecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231157206","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume is enlarged in clinically isolated syndrome patients with optic neuritis","volume":"29","author":"Klistorner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5876","article-title":"Brain atrophy is associated with disability progression in patients with MS followed in a clinical routine","volume":"39","author":"Ghione","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211032510","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory profile of cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"28","author":"Pitteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564494","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of pseudoatrophy in the brain of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"21","author":"De Stefano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"2025062707413385800_fcaf239-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2023.105959","article-title":"Cognitive skill learning in multiple sclerosis: A meaningful component of the neuropsychological profile","volume":"166","author":"Covey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf239\/63490950\/fcaf239.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/3\/fcaf239\/63490950\/fcaf239.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/3\/fcaf239\/63490950\/fcaf239.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T11:41:47Z","timestamp":1751024507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf239\/8162709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf239"}}