{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:38:59Z","timestamp":1780360739861,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":180,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431549029 \u2013 CRC 1451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431549029 \u2013 CRC 1451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Tic disorders (TD) are childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by sudden, repetitive motor and vocal tics, often with partial or complete remission by the time young adulthood is reached. We here investigated motor control and compensatory neural processes in drug-na\u00efve children and adolescents with chronic Motor Tic Disorder or Tourette Syndrome (TD) by examining motor network activity and connectivity compared to healthy controls. Using a reaction time (RT) task under varying cueing conditions, combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and dynamic causal modelling (DCM), we explored how TD-related motor networks adapt to support volitional movement control. Participants with TD demonstrated enhanced task accuracy across internally and externally cued conditions despite deficits in sustained motor inhibition (blink suppression). Relative to controls, individuals with TD exhibited increased task-related activation in ipsilateral motor regions, particularly in the primary motor cortex, and somatosensory cortex, and enhanced interhemispheric connectivity between parietal sensory-motor hubs. Notably, while in typically developing participants, age-related increases in parietal lobe activation and modulatory connectivity between primary motor and premotor regions were linked to improved task accuracy, working memory and visuomotor coordination, TD patients deviated from this normative developmental trajectory with distinct, atypical but neither delayed nor accelerated neural activation and connectivity patterns. Our data suggest that TD involves compensatory neuroplastic adaptations that leverage additional sensorimotor resources to improve motor control but do not extend to motor inhibition processes. Moreover, the findings emphasize the intricate interplay between motor control and neural plasticity in TD, highlighting how compensatory mechanisms may serve as adaptive responses to motor challenges. These findings open avenues for therapeutic strategies that harness the brain's compensatory capacities to enhance motor control and facilitate TD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T14:34:23Z","timestamp":1751294063000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Motor network organization in healthy development and chronic tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6145-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa V","family":"Heinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"JARA-BRAIN Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Juelich 52428 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Schmidgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne 50931 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gereon R","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich , Juelich 52425 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas J","family":"Volz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne , Cologne 50937 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Grefkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt and University Hospital , Frankfurt 60528 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne , Cologne 50931 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen 52074 ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"JARA-BRAIN Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , Juelich 52428 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