{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:27:18Z","timestamp":1788780438051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":189,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3NS107709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3NS107709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24NS113637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24NS113637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Robert and Ruth Halperin Foundation"},{"name":"John A. Blume Foundation"},{"name":"John E Cahill Family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Freezing of gait is a debilitating symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease that is often refractory to medication. Prolonged beta bursts within the subthalamic nucleus are associated with worse impairment and freezing, which are improved with deep brain stimulation. The goal of the study was to investigate the feasibility, safety and tolerability of beta burst-driven adaptive deep brain stimulation for gait impairment and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Seven individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease were implanted with the investigational Summit\u2122 RC + S deep brain stimulation system (Medtronic, PLC, Dublin, Ireland). A PC-in-the-loop architecture adjusted stimulation in real-time based on beta burst durations in the subthalamic nucleus. A rigorous calibration procedure was employed to find participant-specific adaptive deep brain stimulation parameters. In a double-blind design, participants performed a harnessed stepping-in-place task, a free walking turning and barrier course, instrumented measures of bradykinesia and clinical motor assessments in four conditions: OFF stimulation, on adaptive, continuous or randomly adapting deep brain stimulation. Adaptive deep brain stimulation was successfully implemented and deemed safe and tolerable in all participants. Gait metrics such as overall percent time freezing and mean peak shank angular velocity improved on adaptive deep brain stimulation compared to OFF and showed similar efficacy as continuous deep brain stimulation. Similar improvements were also seen for overall clinical motor impairment, including tremor and quantitative metrics of bradykinesia. The current pilot study demonstrated initial safety, tolerability, and feasibility of adaptive deep brain stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease in the acute laboratory setting, supporting the future investigation of its longer-term efficacy in the at-home setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:36:02Z","timestamp":1751960162000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Beta burst-driven adaptive deep brain stimulation for gait impairment and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3353-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew N","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford Schools of Engineering & Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia F","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian A","family":"Melbourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , 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and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine M","family":"Kehnemouyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford Schools of Engineering & Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeep","family":"Aditham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J","family":"Dorris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan E","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Herron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M","family":"Bronte-Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94304 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305 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