{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:56:48Z","timestamp":1792115808848,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":231,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RICOH Company","award":["21AA110541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21AA110541"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In clinical practice, motor unit (MU) size is evaluated using needle electromyography to diagnose the cause of muscle weakness, whether myogenic or neurogenic. However, needle electromyography is influenced by the conductance of the muscle tissue and the distance from the MU to the electrode. In contrast, the magnetic field generated by a skeletal muscle is not distorted by subcutaneous tissues because their magnetic permeability is considered equal to that of free space. Therefore, we hypothesized that MU amplitude can be measured via magnetic field recordings. We tested this hypothesis by recording MU activity in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. We then evaluated the MU size difference between healthy individuals and patients with spinal muscular atrophy and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy. Furthermore, we assessed whether our method could consistently evaluate the MU size regardless of the sensor-muscle distance. Myomagnetic fields of single MUs evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve were measured. We used a biomagnetometer equipped with 132-channel superconducting quantum interference device sensors orientated upwards and arrayed on a quasi-planar surface. We applied a spatial filtering method that can estimate the current distribution from the magnetic field even for a conductor with unknown configuration or conductivity distribution and that does not require an a priori assumption of how many source currents are present. We visualized the electrical activity of 12 MUs of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle from eight healthy individuals and of two MUs from two patients with spinal muscular atrophy and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy. Four current patterns were identified in the MU electrical activity. In all MUs, current towards the innervation zone was observed just after the start of activities. We called this current \u2018initial muscle-directing current\u2019. At the same time, currents directed proximally and distally from the middle of the muscle were observed in most MUs. Initial muscle-directing current was more than 3 or 10 times larger in patients with spinal muscular atrophy and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy than in healthy individuals. Initial muscle-directing current was estimated to weaken by 5.5% for every 5-mm increase in distance from the sensor array. Initial muscle-directing current is considered to reflect the activity near the neuromuscular junction and can be an index of MU size. The results confirmed our hypothesis that MU amplitude can be evaluated using magnetic measurements. This novel and non-invasive magnetomyography method can evaluate MU size with little influence of distance and has the potential to supersede needle electromyography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T11:37:49Z","timestamp":1755603469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnetomyographic evaluation of motor unit size that is robust to changes in distance to sensor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tai","family":"Otani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Akaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Information Applied Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenori","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Natsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taishi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RICOH Futures BU, RICOH Company, Ltd. , Tokyo 143-8555 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Miyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RICOH Futures BU, RICOH Company, Ltd. , Tokyo 143-8555 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Hanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Electronics Laboratory, Kanazawa Institute of Technology , Nonoichi 921-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Sekihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Kanouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"737","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1929.0047","article-title":"Ferrier lecture.\u2014Some functional problems attaching to convergence","volume":"105","author":"Sherrington","year":"1929","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880140402","article-title":"Invited review: Electrodiagnostic assessment and monitoring of motor unit changes in disease","volume":"14","author":"St\u00e5lberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199609000-00004","article-title":"Quantitative motor unit potential analysis","volume":"13","author":"St\u00e5lberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110211","article-title":"Simulation of concentric needle EMG motor unit action potentials","volume":"11","author":"Nandedkar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.6.469","article-title":"Electrophysiological cross section of the motor unit","volume":"43","author":"St\u00e5lberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90219.2008","article-title":"Detecting the unique representation of motor-unit action potentials in the surface electromyogram","volume":"100","author":"Farina","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.2.121","article-title":"Electrophysiological estimation of the number of motor units within a human muscle","volume":"34","author":"McComas","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160404","article-title":"The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults","volume":"16","author":"Doherty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.04.748","article-title":"Motor unit number estimation (MUNE): Where are we now?","volume":"129","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.834281","article-title":"Motor unit number index (MUNIX)","volume":"51","author":"Nandedkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21824","article-title":"Motor unit number index (MUNIX): Principle, method, and findings in healthy subjects and in patients with motor neuron disease","volume":"42","author":"Nandedkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.012","article-title":"Clustering Index method\u201d: A new technique for differentiation between neurogenic and myopathic changes using surface EMG","volume":"122","author":"Uesugi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22119","article-title":"Evaluation of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy by the clustering index method","volume":"44","author":"Higashihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.160","article-title":"Estimating motor unit discharge patterns from high-density surface electromyogram","volume":"120","author":"Holobar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.09.002","article-title":"Analysis of motor units with high-density surface electromyography","volume":"18","author":"Merletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.06.014","article-title":"Motor unit number estimation based on high-density surface electromyography decomposition","volume":"127","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.06.016","article-title":"Detecting motor unit abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using high-density surface EMG","volume":"142","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27824","article-title":"Assessment of motor unit firing by high-density surface electromyography detects motor neuronal hyperexcitable state in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Noto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20104","article-title":"Motor unit characteristics in healthy subjects and those with postpoliomyelitis syndrome: A high-density surface EMG study","volume":"30","author":"Drost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0581-1_3","volume-title":"Advances in biomagnetism","author":"Romani","year":"1989","edition":"eds"},{"issue":"4439","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7361105","article-title":"Magnetic field of a nerve impulse: First measurements","volume":"208","author":"Wikswo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1654294","article-title":"Magnetomyography: Magnetic fields around the human body produced by skeletal muscles","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00021-2","article-title":"Magnetic fields produced by single motor units in human skeletal muscles","volume":"110","author":"Masuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/32\/1\/004","article-title":"Basic mathematical and electromagnetic concepts of the biomagnetic inverse problem","volume":"32","author":"Sarvas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913135117","article-title":"Noninvasive muscle activity imaging using magnetography","volume":"117","author":"Llin\u00e1s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2871947","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers for magneto-myography to study the innervation of the hand","volume":"26","author":"Broser","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.06.009","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers reveal fasciculations non-invasively","volume":"132","author":"Marquetand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2021.102571","article-title":"Investigation of the temporal and spatial dynamics of muscular action potentials through optically pumped magnetometers","volume":"59","author":"Broser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102490","article-title":"Optically pumped magnetometers disclose magnetic field components of the muscular action potential","volume":"56","author":"Broser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724755","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.724755","article-title":"Muscle fatigue revisited\u2014Insights from optically pumped magnetometers","volume":"12","author":"Sometti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154572","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1154572","article-title":"Alignment of magnetic sensing and clinical magnetomyography","volume":"17","author":"Ghahremani Arekhloo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2021.3056492","article-title":"Multichannel SQUID magnetoneurograph system for functional imaging of spinal cords and peripheral nerves","volume":"31","author":"Adachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Appl Supercond"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14947-9","volume-title":"Electromagnetic brain imaging: A Bayesian perspective","author":"Sekihara","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2025506","article-title":"Functional imaging of spinal cord electrical activity from its evoked magnetic field","volume":"56","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.03.017","article-title":"Magnetoneurography as a novel functional imaging technique for the ulnar nerve at the elbow","volume":"138","author":"Hoshino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.12.014","article-title":"Conductive neuromagnetic fields in the lumbar spinal canal","volume":"123","author":"Ishii","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02406-8","article-title":"Magnetospinography visualizes electrophysiological activity in the cervical spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Sumiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.11.001","article-title":"Visualization of the electrical activity of the cauda equina using a magnetospinography system in healthy subjects","volume":"130","author":"Ushio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.08.006","article-title":"Novel functional imaging technique for the brachial plexus based on magnetoneurography","volume":"130","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.07.009","article-title":"Visualization of electrical activity in the cervical spinal cord and nerve roots after ulnar nerve stimulation using magnetospinography","volume":"131","author":"Miyano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.030","article-title":"Visualization of electrophysiological activity at the carpal tunnel area using magnetoneurography","volume":"131","author":"Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.029","article-title":"Noninvasive measurement of sensory action currents in the cervical cord by magnetospinography","volume":"132","author":"Akaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.09.023","article-title":"Assessment of thoracic spinal cord electrophysiological activity through magnetoneurography","volume":"133","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.09.018","article-title":"Detailed magnetoelectric analysis of a nerve impulse propagation along the brachial plexus","volume":"145","author":"Ozaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.05.006","article-title":"Visualization of axonal and volume currents in median nerve compound action potential using magnetoneurography","volume":"152","author":"Nakayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.03.358","article-title":"Magnetoneurography to investigate the mechanisms underlying the P9 far-field potential","volume":"150","author":"Paku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-2463-2","volume-title":"Atlas of muscle innervation zones: Understanding surface electromyography and its applications","author":"Barbero","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036007","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036007","article-title":"Dual signal subspace projection (DSSP): A novel algorithm for removing large interference in biomagnetic measurements","volume":"13","author":"Sekihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2040735","article-title":"Array-gain constraint minimum-norm spatial filter with recursively updated gram matrix for biomagnetic source imaging","volume":"57","author":"Kumihashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1987.1064889","article-title":"The positioning problem in biomagnetic measurements: A solution for arrays of superconducting sensors","volume":"23","author":"Ern\u00e9","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Magn"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B51","volume-title":"Adaptive spatial filters for electromagnetic brain imaging","author":"Sekihara","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02195.x","article-title":"Ictal and interictal activity in partial epilepsy recorded with multichannel magnetoelectroencephalography: Correlation of electroencephalography, electrocorticography, magnetic resonance imaging, single photon-emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography findings","volume":"33","author":"Stefan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000032493.83875.0B","article-title":"Ictal magnetic source imaging as a localizing tool in partial epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Eliashiv","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.02047.x","article-title":"Ictal onset localization of epileptic seizures by magnetoencephalography","volume":"106","author":"Tilz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.14303.x","article-title":"Ictal magnetoencephalography in temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Assaf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0837","article-title":"Consistency of interictal and ictal onset localization using magnetoencephalography in patients with partial epilepsy","volume":"98","author":"Tang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03574.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of seizure-onset zone estimation by ictal magnetoencephalography","volume":"53","author":"Medvedovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351905","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2024.1351905","article-title":"SQUID magnetoneurography: An old-fashioned yet new tool for noninvasive functional imaging of spinal cords and peripheral nerves","volume":"6","author":"Adachi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90154-6","article-title":"Visualization of a moving quadrupole with magnetic measurements of peripheral nerve action fields","volume":"93","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B60","volume-title":"Bioelectric phenomena","author":"Plonsey","year":"1969"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1109\/10.634647","article-title":"A model of the magnetic fields created by single motor unit compound action potentials in skeletal muscle","volume":"44","author":"Parker","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B62","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-book","author":"Hall","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/10.930901","article-title":"Reconstructing spatio-temporal activities of neural sources using an MEG vector beamformer technique","volume":"48","author":"Sekihara","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1966.46.1.1","article-title":"Applications of Hodgkin-Huxley equations to excitable tissues","volume":"46","author":"Noble","year":"1966","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B66","unstructured":"Hasgall PA, Di Gennaro F, Baumgartner C, et al \u00a0IT\u2019IS Database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues. Version 4.1, Feb 22, 2022. ITIS Database. https:\/\/itis.swiss\/virtual-population\/tissue-properties\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880181015","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure of cat tibialis anterior motor units","volume":"18","author":"Roy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025082607530590000_fcaf294-B68","author":"McGill"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf294\/64096478\/fcaf294.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/4\/fcaf294\/64096478\/fcaf294.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/4\/fcaf294\/64096478\/fcaf294.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1756209203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf294\/8238789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf294"}}