{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T01:26:04Z","timestamp":1787707564161,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":230,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Doctoral Training in Cloud Computing","award":["EP\/L015358\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L015358\/1"]}]},{"name":"United Kingdom Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship","award":["MR\/T04294X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T04294X\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["208940\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208940\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT106882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT106882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United Kingdom Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship","award":["MR\/V026569\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V026569\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020643","name":"MRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0802012, MR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0802012, MR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020643","name":"MRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M00841X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M00841X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Epilepsy Research Institute"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research United Kingdom Research and Innovation"},{"name":"University College London Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018726","name":"Epilepsy Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Epilepsy Society MRI scanner"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015572","name":"National Imaging Facility","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Non-invasive neuroimaging is important in epilepsy to help identify cerebral abnormalities. Abnormally reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in deep white matter (WM) from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is widely reported in large multi-cohort studies across all types of epilepsies. However, abnormalities in FA for superficial WM are rarely investigated in epilepsy. To gain a greater understanding of the nature of WM abnormality at different WM depths, we investigated DWI abnormalities at a range of superficial and deep WM in two separate temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) cohorts. The first cohort (TLE = 81, Healthy Control; HC = 67) underwent a high angular resolution multi-shell DWI, whilst the second cohort (TLE = 70, HC = 29) had a single-shell acquisition. We registered FA maps to a standard template, and analysed temporal WM within 8\u2005mm of the temporal lobe grey matter, amygdala and hippocampus. We standardised FA measures at different depths, and compared ipsi-versus contralateral temporal WM, and MRI-positive versus MRI-negative groups. We report three major findings: First, superficial WM had greater FA reductions than deep WM in TLE (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Second, this effect was more prominent in the ipsilateral than contralateral temporal lobe WM (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Third, these effects were present to a similar degree in patients who reported an MRI negative. All results are held in both TLE cohorts. These findings suggest that, in the temporal lobe, superficial WM is more abnormal than deep WM in TLE, with potential clinical use for lateralisation even in MRI-negative patients. These findings motivate further investigation of the importance of superficial WM in epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1755625243000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Superficial and deep white matter abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gerard R","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Gascoigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J","family":"Horsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Kozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"de Tisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoerd B","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Western Australia National Imaging Facility Node, The University of Western Australia , Nedlands ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Computer Science Department, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin P","family":"Winston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University , Kingston ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1373-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter N","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNNP Lab (www.cnnp-lab.com), School of Computing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5BX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.JNS171722","article-title":"An estimation of global volume of surgically treatable epilepsy based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of epilepsy","volume":"130","author":"Vaughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949","article-title":"Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: A 30-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx341","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study","volume":"141","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa200","article-title":"White matter abnormalities across different epilepsy syndromes in adults: An ENIGMA-epilepsy study","volume":"143","author":"Hatton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02508.x","article-title":"Altered white matter integrity in temporal lobe epilepsy: Association with cognitive and clinical profiles","volume":"51","author":"Riley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03426.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of white matter changes in temporal lobe epilepsy as studied with diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"53","author":"Otte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.12.003","article-title":"Network specific change in white matter integrity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"120","author":"Imamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.03.004","article-title":"Voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"132","author":"Sanches","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116673","article-title":"Superficial white matter: A review on the dMRI analysis methods and applications","volume":"212","author":"Guevara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww167","article-title":"The superficial white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy: A key link between structural and functional network disruptions","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17333","article-title":"Superficial and deep white matter diffusion abnormalities in focal epilepsies","volume":"63","author":"Urquia-Osorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103473","article-title":"Spatial patterns of gray and white matter compromise relate to age of seizure onset in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"39","author":"Ballerini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1957","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007370","article-title":"Cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy are associated with distinct patterns of white matter network abnormalities","volume":"92","author":"Reyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26054","article-title":"Gibbs-ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel-shifts","volume":"76","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26124","article-title":"The importance of correcting for signal drift in diffusion MRI","volume":"77","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.055","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging data in FSL","volume":"45","author":"Woolrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"Fsl","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236418","article-title":"Distortion correction of diffusion weighted MRI without reverse phase-encoding scans or field-maps","volume":"15","author":"Schilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2019.05.008","article-title":"Synthesized b0 for diffusion distortion correction (synb0-DisCo)","volume":"64","author":"Schilling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"365","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced normalization tools (ANTS)","volume":"2","author":"Avants","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insight J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02809-8","article-title":"Microangiopathy in temporal lobe epilepsy with diffusion MRI alterations and cognitive decline","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24376","article-title":"Thalamotemporal alteration and postoperative seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"77","author":"Keller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww280","article-title":"Preoperative automated fibre quantification predicts postoperative seizure outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"140","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001548","article-title":"The brain connectome as a personalized biomarker of seizure outcomes after temporal lobectomy","volume":"84","author":"Bonilha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25888","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy surgical outcomes can be inferred based on structural connectome hubs: A machine learning study","volume":"88","author":"Gleichgerrcht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011315","article-title":"Structural brain network abnormalities and the probability of seizure recurrence after epilepsy surgery","volume":"96","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826170b6","article-title":"Spatial patterns of water diffusion along white matter tracts in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"79","author":"Concha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.07.010","article-title":"Predicting the laterality of temporal lobe epilepsy from PET, MRI, and DTI: A multimodal study","volume":"9","author":"Pustina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1650","article-title":"Side matters: Diffusion tensor imaging tractography in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108914","article-title":"Mean apparent propagator-MRI: A new diffusion model which improves temporal lobe epilepsy lateralization","volume":"126","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15055","article-title":"Multivariate white matter alterations are associated with epilepsy duration","volume":"53","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.07.001","article-title":"The relationship between cortical lesions and periventricular NAWM abnormalities suggests a shared mechanism of injury in primary-progressive MS","volume":"16","author":"Pardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221080667","article-title":"The expansion and severity of chronic MS lesions follows a periventricular gradient","volume":"28","author":"Klistorner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090913321795600_fcaf305-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18192","article-title":"The imaging database for epilepsy and surgery (IDEAS)","volume":"66","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf305\/64084866\/fcaf305.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/fcaf305\/64084866\/fcaf305.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/fcaf305\/64084866\/fcaf305.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:32:39Z","timestamp":1757439159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf305\/8238148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf305","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf305"}}