{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:38:19Z","timestamp":1784842699960,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":265,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019258","name":"Vingroup Joint Stock Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISC.18.05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISC.18.05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neurological sequelae after traumatic brain injury impair motor and behavioural functions, imposing a heavy burden on patients and society. Traditional treatments show limited efficacy, highlighting the need for advanced therapies. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of intrathecal administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells for treating these sequelae. A matched control clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients. The intervention group received two intrathecal infusions of bone marrow mononuclear cells, 6 months apart, combined with rehabilitation therapy, while the control group received rehabilitation therapy only. Safety was assessed through adverse events and serious adverse events. Effectiveness was measured via the Functional Independence Measure, Short Form-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended. MRI and PET-CT imaging monitored brain changes in the intervention group. No serious adverse events were reported during 12 months of follow-up. Mild adverse events, such as pain at the aspiration site and dizziness, were self-limiting. The intervention group showed significant improvements in motor scores (+4.3 points; P = 0.02) and cognitive scores (+1.7 points; P = 0.009). Quality of life scores in physical and mental domains improved significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05). MRI revealed structural improvements, while PET-CT indicated enhanced metabolic activity in the brain. Intrathecal administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells is safe and effective in improving motor function and quality of life in patients with neurological sequelae after traumatic brain injury. This therapy is recommended as a complementary treatment alongside rehabilitation therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T16:25:13Z","timestamp":1758644713000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell administration for neurological sequelae after traumatic brain injury: a matched control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Liem Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giang","family":"Thi Huong Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ha Noi Medical University , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kien","family":"Trung Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Thanh Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quyen","family":"Thi Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh","family":"Van Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ha Noi Medical University , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ha Noi Rehabilitation Hospital , Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Thi Phuong Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology & Cell Therapy, Vinmec Times City International Hospital , Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doan","family":"Van Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Vinmec Times City International Hospital , Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong","family":"Thu Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology & Cell Therapy, Vinmec Times City International Hospital , Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 100000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Van Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Rehabilitation, National Rehabilitation Hospital , Thanh Hoa 440000 ,","place":["Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30182-4","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in China: A prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, observational study","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30232-7","article-title":"Case-mix, care pathways, and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in CENTER-TBI: A European prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.1002003","article-title":"Outcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008\u20132013","volume":"29","author":"Lloyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318207734c","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for severe traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"68","author":"Cox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2538","article-title":"Treatment of severe adult traumatic brain injury using bone marrow mononuclear cells","volume":"35","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-020-00043-7","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury- a clinical study","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Regen"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae005","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells to treat severe traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"147","author":"Cox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.08.001","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation significantly improves neurological function in patients with sequelae of traumatic brain injury","volume":"1532","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i6.641","article-title":"Safety and efficiency of Wharton\u2019s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration in patients with traumatic brain injury: First results of a phase I study","volume":"16","author":"Kabatas","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209797","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209797","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell implants for chronic motor deficits after traumatic brain injury: Post hoc analysis of a randomized trial","volume":"103","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000276","article-title":"Late functional changes post-severe traumatic brain injury are related to community reentry support: Results from the PariS-TBI cohort","volume":"32","author":"Jourdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B13"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289509166622","article-title":"The Functional Independence Measure: A comparative validity and reliability study","volume":"17","author":"Kidd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"6846","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6846.160","article-title":"Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: New outcome measure for primary care","volume":"305","author":"Brazier","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7527","article-title":"A manual for the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended interview","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.314285","article-title":"Positron emission tomography imaging for the assessment of mild traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Recent advances in radiotracers","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2012.0053","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the subacute stage of traumatic brain injury by lumbar puncture","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.573","article-title":"Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use","volume":"15","author":"Wilson","year":"998","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.02.033","article-title":"Bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation promotes therapeutic angiogenesis via upregulation of the VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling pathway in a rat model of vascular dementia","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038776","article-title":"Combined transfer of human VEGF165 and HGF genes renders potent angiogenic effect in ischemic skeletal muscle","volume":"7","author":"Makarevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29400","article-title":"Mitochondrial transfer from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to motor neurons in spinal cord injury rats via gap junction","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31829617c6","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells therapy attenuates activated microglial\/macrophage response and improves spatial learning after traumatic brain injury","volume":"75","author":"Bedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7389","article-title":"Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro","volume":"164","author":"Sanchez-Ramos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B25","first-page":"8567","article-title":"The effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation on the expression of BDNF and neuronal apoptosis in rats with traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Zhiqiang Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.216","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells protect postischemic axons after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200103050-00025","article-title":"Adult bone marrow stromal cells administered intravenously to rats after traumatic brain injury migrate into brain and improve neurological outcome","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6619","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cells promote neuromotor functional recovery, via upregulation of neurotrophic factors and synapse proteins following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101001463189500_fcaf361-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000141042.14476.3C","article-title":"Marrow stromal cell transplantation after traumatic brain injury promotes cellular proliferation within the brain","volume":"55","author":"Mahmood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf361\/64355711\/fcaf361.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/fcaf361\/64355711\/fcaf361.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/7\/5\/fcaf361\/64355711\/fcaf361.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1760075204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf361\/8262499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"fcaf361"}}