{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T01:01:33Z","timestamp":1760576493411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":264,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156363","FDN-159934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156363","FDN-159934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chronically elevated type I interferons (\u2212\u03b2 and -\u03b1) can induce atherosclerosis and autoimmunity but whether this link translates into adverse events in interferon-\u03b2 users with multiple sclerosis is unknown. We therefore aimed to determine whether long-term interferon-\u03b2 exposure increases the risk of cardiovascular and autoimmune disease in a Canadian population-based cohort with linked hospital\/physician visits and filled prescriptions. People with multiple sclerosis were included from the most recent of (i) first diagnostic code or disease-modifying therapy or (ii) prescription data availability (1\/JAN\/1996), and followed until the earliest of outcome, emigration, death or study end (31\/DEC\/2017). Associations were tested using stratified Cox regressions with time-dependent covariates. The cohort included 19 360 people with multiple sclerosis followed for a median duration of 11.2 years (Q1-Q3: 5.1\u201318.7), of whom 3138 (16.2%) ever used an interferon-\u03b2. Longer interferon-\u03b2 therapy was associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (per 5-year longer treatment: hazard ratio = 1.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.37; P = 0.026) but not with autoimmunity (hazard ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.49, 1.11; P = 0.139). This new safety signal should encourage clinicians to optimize cardiovascular prevention in people with multiple sclerosis and may be considered when discussing treatment options in interferon-\u03b2 users who are at high risk or with established cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:01:43Z","timestamp":1758499303000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of cardiovascular and autoimmune disease in people with multiple sclerosis on long-term interferon-\u03b2 therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bastien","family":"Rioux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology) and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-5253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huah Shin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Adelaide, South Australia, 5042 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"SA Pharmacy, SA Health , Government of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinshan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology) and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Caparrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, NHS Lothian , Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4816-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William N","family":"Whiteley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, Health Data Research UK , London, NW1 2BE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P J","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Tremlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology) and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 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