{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:11:08Z","timestamp":1791828668129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":301,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K19111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H05520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H05520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although the classifications of \u2018past,\u2019 \u2018present,\u2019 and \u2018future\u2019 are considered abstract concepts, we naturally understand them. Those classifications were named \u2018A-series\u2019 time by McTaggart in 1908. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, with initial symptoms generally including temporal disorientation. This study aims to (1) elucidate the impairment process of temporal cognition in AD by administering A-series temporal tasks to individuals with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy controls, and (2) clarify the relationship between temporal cognition at each stage of impairment and cerebral blood flow (CBF). A diagnosis of AD (n = 37), MCI (n = 10), and no dementia (ND) (n = 10) took part. The \u2018A-series\u2019 task consisted of eleven short sentences that were grammatically correct using seven-time qualifiers (last week, yesterday, today, now, tomorrow, this week, or next week). The participants were required to respond when the events in the sentences happened or would happen in nine stages. We compared the pattern of their responses, the scores of the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-J), and the regional CBFs performed by 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography. We found that ND was intact in the ability to distinguish between the past, present, and future, on the other hand, AD and MCI showed a diminished ability in temporal orientation when we sorted the 11 sentences in the ascending order of the mean response scores among the ND participants, they were generally ordered according to the time represented by adverbs of time. We also found that the participants could be best classified into three clusters. All ND participants (10\/10) and half of the MCI participants (5\/10) belonged to Cluster 1, whereas only 19% of the AD participants belonged to the cluster (7\/37). Cluster 2 was contributed by three MCI participants (3\/10) and 30% of the AD participants (11\/37). Finally, most of the AD participants (51%) belonged to cluster 3 (19\/37) with a few MCI participants (2\/10). We compared CBFs across the three clusters and found the CBF in the pairs of the left and the right pericallosal region could predict whether a participant belonged to either cluster at the largest hit rate of 75%. Our findings suggest that the bilateral pericallosal region, including the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus cortex, is associated with temporal orientation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:51:38Z","timestamp":1761655898000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus support temporal orientation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinori","family":"Futamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa Medical University , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Showa Medical University Fujigaoka Hospital , Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-2869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryuta","family":"Kinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Showa Medical University Fujigaoka Hospital , Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Hanazuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information, Hokkai Gakuen University , Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8605 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuta","family":"Ochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Chuo University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Midorikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Brain Network Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, The University of Osaka , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenjiro","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa Medical University , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa Medical University , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112901522734300_fcaf424-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000045","article-title":"Temporal cognition: Connecting subjective time to perception, attention, and memory","volume":"142","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025112901522734300_fcaf424-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/XVII.4.457","article-title":"The unreality of time","volume":"17","author":"McTaggart","year":"1908","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2025112901522734300_fcaf424-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504242112","article-title":"Brain system for mental orientation in space, time, and person","volume":"112","author":"Peer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025112901522734300_fcaf424-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers 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