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Chronic-restraint stress (CRS) and ethanol intake are independently known to induce changes in brain structure and function, however, their combined effects on neurodevelopment over long periods of time remains largely unexplored. We conducted an in vivo longitudinal rat model with three main goals. 1) to determine if chronic stress increases ethanol intake; 2) to determine the effect of chronic- stress and ethanol intake in behavioural measures, brain structure, and function; and 3) to investigate the effect of sex. This observational study included Wistar rats assigned to four groups: 1) ethanol consumption (EtOH+\/CRS\u2212), 2) stress exposure (EtOH\u2212\/CRS+), 3) both ethanol and stress exposure (EtOH+\/CRS+), and 4) control group (EtOH\u2212\/CRS\u2212). Our results showed that chronic stress did not affect ethanol intake but led to reduced body weight gain, elevated corticosterone levels, and impaired recognition memory. Structural MRI revealed that both exposures produced additive brain volume changes in olfactory bulb, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Functional connectivity analysis using network-based statistics identified disrupted cortical-subcortical connections. Results found here were sex-dependent in terms of volumetric changes (higher effects on males) and functional connectivity (higher effects on females). Findings suggest sex-dependent mechanisms where both chronic- ethanol intake and stress affect brain plasticity during neurodevelopment. Understanding region-specific vulnerabilities is crucial for addressing alcohol use disorders and stress-related neuropathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1761915977000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of chronic stress and chronic alcohol intake on behaviour, brain volume, and functional connectivity in a longitudinal rat model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalil","family":"Rasgado-Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico campus Juriquilla , Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76230 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