{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:51:02Z","timestamp":1790833862575,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"France Scl\u00e9rose en Plaques foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). While neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal damage, it also has regenerative roles, highlighting the complex relationship between immune responses and neurodegeneration. However, capturing the cellular processes involved in inflammation and regeneration in vivo remains a challenge. The retina, a part of the CNS tissue, provides a unique, non-invasive window into these processes. High-resolution retinal imaging techniques, such as adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), enable the observation of cellular dynamics in the retina, advancing our understanding of neuroinflammation in MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this prospective cohort study, we used a custom-modified AOSLO to examine the retinal ganglion cell layer in patients with MS (pwMS) (n = 51) with varying phenotypes: (i) relapsing-remitting MS (RMS) with recent optic neuritis (ON) (&amp;lt;6months) (ON-RMS, N = 31), (ii) RMS without recent ON (N = 12), and (iii) progressive MS (PMS, N = 8). Healthy controls without ocular pathology (N = 9) were recruited. Longitudinal imaging was performed using an AOSLO at 3, 6, and 12 months for some patients. We focussed on identifying immune cells in the inner retina, particularly during and after acute ON, and assessed these findings in relation to clinical symptoms and other imaging modalities, including optical coherence tomography and MRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cellular infiltrates were detected most frequently in ON-RMS patients (93.6%) compared to the other groups. Cell density was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the affected eye of pwMS after recent ON and declined over time, though with individual variability. In one case, cells appeared 7 weeks before clinical ON symptoms. Most cells had lymphocyte-like morphology with a round shape, compact cytoplasm, and a nucleus-like structure, and some contained multiple intracellular structures. Their mean size was 12.0\u2005\u00b5m (5.8\u201335.5\u2005\u00b5m) and they were primarily located in the ganglion cell layer, but absent from the outer retina. Cells were frequently found near capillaries and larger vessels, often interacting with them, with some partially within vessels, suggesting migration or infiltration. However, movement was minimal, with most remaining stationary for minutes to an hour. Cell velocity was estimated at 3.2 \u00b1 1\u2005\u00b5m\/h. In ON-RMS patients, cell density was not associated with optic nerve lesion location or length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results suggest that AOSLO imaging can detect subtle retinal inflammatory changes not captured by conventional clinical systems, offering a promising tool for monitoring neuroinflammation in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases. These findings support the potential of high-resolution retinal imaging as a non-invasive biomarker for tracking neuroinflammation and therapeutic responses in pwMS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:02:33Z","timestamp":1764248553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i>\n                    characterization of a retinal cellular biomarker of inflammation in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1975-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gofas-Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de la Vision , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Mossad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ysoline","family":"Beigneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Norberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de la Vision , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Castro Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Vignal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, H\u00f4pital Fondation A de Rothschild , Paris 75019 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Paques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Louapre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Grieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de la Vision , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 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