{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T23:45:01Z","timestamp":1787269501503,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-02419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-02419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Visare Norr Fund"},{"name":"Northern County Councils\u2019 Regional Federation","award":["940405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["940405"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Development Unit"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009778","name":"Region J\u00e4mtland H\u00e4rjedalen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JLL-967380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLL-967380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University Hospital of Northern Sweden"},{"name":"Oskarfonden"},{"name":"NEURO Sweden"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018367","name":"The Swedish Foundation for MS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus is now regarded as the critical risk factor for multiple sclerosis. However, Cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6A have also been associated with altered multiple sclerosis risk, suggesting a multifactorial aetiology. Here, we present the first large-scale study of the association between human herpesvirus 7 and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. A nested case-control study was performed by crosslinking Swedish registries and biobanks, identifying blood samples from 981 cases who later developed multiple sclerosis and 1278 matched controls. Serological testing was performed with a multiplex immunoassay. The association between viral serostatus and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis was analysed with conditional logistic regression, calculating an odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Interactions between antibodies against human herpesvirus 7 and the Epstein\u2013Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 regarding multiple sclerosis risk were analysed on the additive scale. Serological evidence of human herpesvirus 7 infection was associated with a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis: odds ratio = 2.2 (95% confidence interval = 1.8\u20132.7), P &amp;lt; 0.001. The results remained similar when adjusting for cytomegalovirus, Epstein\u2013Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6A serostatus. Synergistic interactions between human herpesvirus 7 and Epstein\u2013Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 seroreactivity were observed: attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.51 (95% confidence interval = 0.34\u20130.68). These results suggest that human herpesvirus 7 could be a contributing factor in multiple sclerosis aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:54:32Z","timestamp":1765976072000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human herpesvirus 7 and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4261-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Ingvarsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 90187 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Grut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 90187 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 17177 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bistr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 90187 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Laval University , Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitta E","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg 69120 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg 40530 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University , Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec Research Center, Laval University , Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Waterboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg 69120 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University , Ume\u00e5 90187 ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6578","key":"2026010811114227100_fcaf492-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple 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sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Engdahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010811114227100_fcaf492-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16387","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16387","article-title":"Rubella virus seropositivity after infection or vaccination as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Ingvarsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010811114227100_fcaf492-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14961","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis-a presymptomatic case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Grut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010811114227100_fcaf492-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.2.748","article-title":"Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ T 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Acyclovir may be an effective treatment against pityriasis rosea: A random investigator-blind clinical trial on 64 patients","volume":"25","author":"Rassai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010811114227100_fcaf492-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.1.31","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled MRI study of anti-herpes virus therapy in MS","volume":"58","author":"Bech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Brain 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