{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:27:06Z","timestamp":1793035626225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013263","name":"Norwegian Health Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Leap\u2019s Dynamic Resilience Program"},{"name":"Temasek Trust","award":["104617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104617"]}]},{"name":"Health Authorities of the South-Eastern Health Region of Norway","award":["2024017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024017"]}]},{"name":"National Programme for Clinical Therapy Research in the Specialist Health Service in Norway","award":["2020204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020204"]}]},{"name":"Western Norwegian Regional Health Authorities"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-00356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-00356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-01018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-01018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-02397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-02397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-00915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-00915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-00732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe","award":["101053962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101053962"]}]},{"name":"Swedish State Support for Clinical Research","award":["ALFGBG-71320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-71320"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002565","name":"Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201809-2016862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201809-2016862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADSF-21-831376-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADSF-21-831376-C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADSF-21-831381-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADSF-21-831381-C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADSF-21-831377-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADSF-21-831377-C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer's Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADSF-24-1284328-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADSF-24-1284328-C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019599","name":"European Partnership on Metrology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme","award":["22HLT07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22HLT07"]}]},{"name":"Bluefield Project"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007625","name":"Cure Alzheimer's Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021720","name":"Olav Thon Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007436","name":"Erling-Persson Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Familjen R\u00f6nstr\u00f6ms Stiftelse"},{"name":"Familjen Beiglers Stiftelse"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010815","name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Gamla Tj\u00e4narinnor","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2022-0270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2022-0270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010815","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020"},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["860197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860197"]}]},{"name":"European Union Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research","award":["JPND2021-00694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND2021-00694"]}]},{"name":"European Union Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research","award":["JPND2019-466-236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPND2019-466-236"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017510","name":"UK Dementia Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UKDRI-1003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKDRI-1003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Alzheimer Foundation","award":["AF-930351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AF-930351"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Alzheimer Foundation","award":["AF-939721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AF-939721"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Alzheimer Foundation","award":["AF-968270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AF-968270"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Alzheimer Foundation","award":["AF-994551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AF-994551"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALZ2022-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALZ2022-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2024-0048-TK-130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2024-0048-TK-130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2024-0048-HK-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2024-0048-HK-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish government and the County Councils"},{"name":"ALF-agreement","award":["ALFGBG-965240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-965240"]}]},{"name":"ALF-agreement","award":["ALFGBG-1006418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-1006418"]}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association 2021 Zenith Award","award":["ZEN-21-848495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZEN-21-848495"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SG-23-1038904 QC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-23-1038904 QC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"La Fondation Recherche Alzheimer"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007505","name":"Kirsten and Freddy Johansen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Familjen R\u00f6nstr\u00f6ms Stiftelse"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The underlying mechanisms of the neuropsychiatric syndrome delirium are still unknown, but neuroinflammation is a central hypothesis. Chitinase-3-like-protein-1 (YKL-40\/CHI3L1) is considered a marker of neuroinflammation when measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to examine concentrations of CSF YKL-40 in patients with and without delirium, to enhance the understanding of delirium pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 545 hip fracture patients were included from two similar cohorts. CSF samples were collected in conjunction with spinal anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery. The patients were screened for delirium both pre- and postoperatively. Those with delirium were further divided into subgroups based on whether they developed it before surgery (prevalent delirium) or after surgery (incident delirium). Among patients without delirium, those who met some, but not all diagnostic criteria, were classified as having subsyndromal delirium. Prefracture cognitive function was assessed, and American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status score was included as a marker of comorbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 257 (47%) of the patients developed delirium. These patients were older and had a higher prevalence of dementia and severe systemic diseases. Among the patients without dementia, those with delirium had higher median concentration of CSF YKL-40 compared with those without delirium (first cohort: 175 versus 132\u2005ng\/mL, P = 0.01, second cohort: 243 versus 174\u2005ng\/mL, P &amp;lt; 0.001). No association was found among the patients with dementia. The results remained consistent when adjusting for age and comorbidity. No difference in median CSF YKL-40 concentration was found between patients who had delirium at the time of surgery (prevalent delirium) and those who developed it afterwards (incident delirium).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings support the hypothesis of neuroinflammation as a mechanism for delirium in patients without dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:42:26Z","timestamp":1771936946000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Increased cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40 concentration in hip fracture patients with delirium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0015-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thea","family":"Berntsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Delirium Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo 0318 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , M\u00f6lndal S-431 80 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , M\u00f6lndal S-431 80 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University , Paris 75646 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC , Hefei 230001 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , M\u00f6lndal S-431 80 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , M\u00f6lndal S-431 80 ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL , London WC1E 6BT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53792-2420 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"F\u00e6hn Brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias Nikolai","family":"Petersen Hella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital , Stavanger 4011 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen 5021 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom Tarjei","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, B\u00e6rum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust , Gjettum 1346 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lene B","family":"Solberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Thomas","family":"Pollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Akershus University Hospital , L\u00f8renskog 1478 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Karabeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Akershus University Hospital , Kongsvinger 2212 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav Tobias","family":"\u00d8degaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Akershus University Hospital , Kongsvinger 2212 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Myrstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, B\u00e6rum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust , Gjettum 1346 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Sydnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Unit for Orthopaedic Surgery, Diakonhjemmet Hospital , Oslo 0319 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Bj\u00f8rkholt Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, S\u00f8rlandet Hospital , Arendal 4838 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torgeir","family":"Bruun Wyller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Delirium Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo 0318 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiv Otto","family":"Watne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Delirium Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo 0318 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Akershus University Hospital , L\u00f8renskog 1478 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Erik","family":"Neerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Delirium Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo 0318 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","article-title":"Delirium","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-63","article-title":"The effect of a pre- and postoperative orthogeriatric service on cognitive function in patients with hip fracture: Randomized controlled trial (Oslo Orthogeriatric Trial)","volume":"12","author":"Watne","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9920","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0674-1","article-title":"The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium","volume":"119","author":"Cerejeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad296","article-title":"Impaired glucose utilization in the brain of patients with delirium following hip fracture","volume":"147","author":"Titlestad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","article-title":"Delirium pathophysiology: An updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174644","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1174644","article-title":"Biomarkers of delirium risk in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lozano-Vicario","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1791666","article-title":"The pathophysiology and biomarkers of delirium","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B9","first-page":"010502","article-title":"YKL-40 as a biomarker in various inflammatory diseases: A review","volume":"34","author":"Blazevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Medica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-34","article-title":"In vivo CHI3L1 (YKL-40) expression in astrocytes in acute and chronic neurological diseases","volume":"7","author":"Bonneh-Barkay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12612","article-title":"Potential role of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1\/YKL-40) in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Connolly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2019.1628643","article-title":"The neuroinflammatory biomarker YKL-40 for neurodegenerative diseases: Advances in development","volume":"16","author":"Baldacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0226-4","article-title":"YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"12","author":"Llorens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.3.598-604.2002","article-title":"YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with purulent meningitis","volume":"9","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1164","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001164","article-title":"Role of chitinase 3\u2013like 1 as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Floro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B16"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.025","article-title":"YKL-40: A novel prognostic fluid biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Craig-Schapiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135458","article-title":"The inflammatory marker YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s but not Parkinson\u2019s disease or dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"10","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00698-7","article-title":"The inter-relationship between delirium and dementia: The importance of delirium prevention","volume":"18","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02801-4","article-title":"Role of glia in delirium: Proposed mechanisms and translational implications","volume":"30","author":"Heffernan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa326","article-title":"Proteome-wide analysis using SOMAscan identifies and validates chitinase-3-like protein 1 as a risk and disease marker of delirium among older adults undergoing major elective surgery","volume":"77","author":"Vasunilashorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12816","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current status and prospects for the future","volume":"284","author":"Blennow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100555","article-title":"Conserved YKL-40 changes in mice and humans after postoperative delirium","volume":"26","author":"David-Bercholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun\u2014Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","article-title":"Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method: A new method for detection of delirium","volume":"113","author":"Inouye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200364","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding protein 3 in cerebrospinal fluid of hip fracture patients with delirium","volume":"77","author":"Neerland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0006-3","article-title":"The protocol of the Oslo study of clonidine in elderly patients with delirium; LUCID: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Neerland","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-05974-8","article-title":"Orthogeriatric co-management reduces incidence of delirium in hip fracture patients","volume":"32","author":"Pollmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B29","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000390","article-title":"The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): A review","volume":"16","author":"Jorm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: The Barthel index","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/026921558700100409","article-title":"An extended activities of daily living scale for stroke patients","volume":"1","author":"Nouri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14569","article-title":"A review of ASA physical status\u2014Historical perspectives and modern developments","volume":"74","author":"Mayhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.07.014","article-title":"The diagnosis of delirium superimposed on dementia: An emerging challenge","volume":"18","author":"Morandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0226412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226412","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and brain injury as predictors of delirium duration in older hospitalized patients","volume":"14","author":"McNeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14238","article-title":"Associations between delirium and preoperative cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and interleukin-6 receptor in individuals with acute hip fracture","volume":"64","author":"Neerland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1331-1","article-title":"CSF sTREM2 in delirium\u2014Relation to Alzheimer\u2019s disease CSF biomarkers A\u03b242, t-tau and p-tau","volume":"15","author":"Henjum","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0071-x","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Heslegrave","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006082","article-title":"CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease","volume":"91","author":"Janelidze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13450","article-title":"Astrocyte biomarkers GFAP and YKL-40 mediate early Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"20","author":"Pelkmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022502371265900_fcag005-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw065","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of informant-based tools to diagnose dementia in older hospital patients with delirium: A prospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age Ageing"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/fcag005\/67105232\/fcag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/fcag005\/67105232\/fcag005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:37:27Z","timestamp":1772005047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag005\/8497093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fcag005"}}