{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:28:20Z","timestamp":1782984500557,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 AG072122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 AG072122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG062429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG062429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG062677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG062677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG062422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG062422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG062715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG062715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG066546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG066546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 AG068024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 AG068024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 AG068053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 AG068053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 AG068077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 AG068077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012264","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although network neuropsychology is a promising approach to the study of clinical profiles, the link between Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) biomarkers and neuropsychological networks is still undetermined. We hypothesized that network differences would exist between biomarker-positive and biomarker-negative participants, and that these would be driven by network nodes corresponding to performance on tests of episodic memory, as this is the cognitive domain most distinctively affected by AD since the earliest clinical stages. In this case\u2013control study, we investigated sub-cohorts of individuals who had been (i) enrolled in the National Alzheimer\u2019s Coordinating Center initiative and (ii) tested with Version 3 of the Uniform Data Set neuropsychological battery (i.e. consisting of 11 tests). These included 1263 \u2018\u03b2-amyloid positive\u2019 (A+), 1594 \u2018\u03b2-amyloid negative\u2019 (A-), 442 \u2018\u03b2-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau positive\u2019 (A + T+) and 734 \u2018\u03b2-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau negative\u2019 (A-T-) participants. We first calculated neuropsychological residuals by regressing out age, years of education, sex, Clinical Dementia Rating scores and timepoint distance between neuropsychological and biomarker assessment. Secondly, we used rank-based correlations to define conditional associations across all pairs of test scores (i.e. the nodes of the network). Thirdly, we imposed a penalty (i.e. via the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator method) to control for network sparsity. We then tested for differences in global network metrics and node centrality between A+ and A\u2212 and between A+T+ and A\u2212T\u2212 participants using permutation-based inferential models. Differences were found between biomarker-positive and biomarker-negative sub-cohorts in global network metrics but, contrarily to our hypothesis, no differences were found in relation to episodic memory nodes. A significant node difference, however, was instead found in relation to category fluency (i.e. a test of semantic memory), with increased centrality observed among A+ participants. A similar, yet non-significant trend was also observed between A+T+ and A\u2212T\u2212 participants. Network neuropsychology can complement and expand the study of cognitive performance carried out via \u2018traditional\u2019 univariate approaches. While univariate analyses reveal episodic memory decline in people with AD, this is not accompanied by any abnormalities at a neuropsychological network level. Our findings, however, highlight the importance of semantic memory alterations in A+ individuals. The wide set of neural and cognitive resources that sustain semantic memory may play a supportive role in the presence of neuropathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:26:44Z","timestamp":1768912004000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of Alzheimer\u2019s biomarker positivity on neuropsychological networks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge , Middlesex UB8 3PH ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron E","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TU ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","article-title":"2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326603","article-title":"Use of plasma biomarkers for AT(N) classification of neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"92","author":"Alcolea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.002","article-title":"Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Definition, natural history, and diagnostic criteria","volume":"12","author":"Dubois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4668","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: A meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00066-1","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations of the International Working Group","volume":"20","author":"Dubois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.3.378","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function","volume":"61","author":"Bennett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000063311.58879.01","article-title":"Tangle and neuron numbers, but not amyloid load, predict cognitive status in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.5.729","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid, and memory in aging and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"60","author":"Guillozet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31825018f7","article-title":"Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: A review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcz046","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz046","article-title":"Is tau in the absence of amyloid on the Alzheimer\u2019s continuum?: A study of discordant PET positivity","volume":"2","author":"Weigand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.6669","article-title":"Association between elevated brain amyloid and subsequent cognitive decline among cognitively normal persons","volume":"317","author":"Donohue","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq277","article-title":"Brain beta-amyloid measures and magnetic resonance imaging atrophy both predict time-to-progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.021","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 positivity predicts cognitive decline but cognition predicts progression to amyloid-\u03b2 positivity","volume":"87","author":"Elman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008838","article-title":"Objective subtle cognitive difficulties predict future amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration","volume":"94","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu035","article-title":"Compensatory mechanisms in higher-educated subjects with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A study of 20 years of cognitive decline","volume":"137","author":"Amieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632-638","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.22.3.632","article-title":"Mild memory deficits differentially affect 6-year changes in compensatory strategy use","volume":"22","author":"Dixon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3806","article-title":"Neural compensation in older people with brain amyloid-\u03b2 deposition","volume":"17","author":"Elman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317517753361","article-title":"Compensation strategies in older adults: Association with cognition and everyday function","volume":"33","author":"Tomaszewski Farias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220116","article-title":"Compensatory mechanisms in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease and clinical setting: The need for novel neuropsychological strategies","volume":"7","author":"Torrealba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007728","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations of tau-PET signal with cognition in cognitively unimpaired adults","volume":"93","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2028-17.2017","article-title":"Entorhinal tau pathology, episodic memory decline, and neurodegeneration in aging","volume":"38","author":"Maass","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb05866.x","article-title":"Evolution of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"165","author":"Braak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","article-title":"Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad024","article-title":"Assessing flexibility of solution strategy: Strategy shifting as a measure of cognitive reserve","volume":"78","author":"Barulli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx125","article-title":"A systematic review for functional neuroimaging studies of cognitive reserve across the cognitive aging spectrum","volume":"33","author":"Anthony","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771885","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.771885","article-title":"Inhibitory control in aging: The compensation-related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.024","article-title":"Network neuropsychology: The map and the territory","volume":"132","author":"Ferguson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108741","article-title":"APOE \u03b54 positivity predicts centrality of episodic memory nodes in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A cohort-based, graph theory-informed study of cognitive networks","volume":"192","author":"De Marco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.01.002","article-title":"A network psychometric approach to neurocognition in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"137","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.02.005","article-title":"A network approach to subjective cognitive decline: Exploring multivariate relationships in neuropsychological test performance across Alzheimer's disease risk states","volume":"173","author":"Grunden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2021.1965951","article-title":"Neuropsychological networks in cognitively healthy older adults and dementia patients","volume":"29","author":"Nevado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.11.004","article-title":"Complexity in neuropsychological assessments of cognitive impairment: A network analysis approach","volume":"124","author":"Tosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1344232023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1344-23.2023","article-title":"The network structure of cognitive impairment: From subjective cognitive decline to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"44","author":"Tosi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676618","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.676618","article-title":"A graph theory approach to clarifying aging and disease related changes in cognitive networks","volume":"13","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn320","article-title":"Episodic memory loss is related to hippocampal-mediated \u03b2-amyloid deposition in elderly subjects","volume":"132","author":"Mormino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806-824","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000471","article-title":"Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data","volume":"28","author":"Burger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000279","article-title":"Version 3 of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data Set","volume":"32","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925-946","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000439","article-title":"Which estimation method to choose in network psychometrics? Deriving guidelines for applied researchers","volume":"28","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09423-6","article-title":"The factor structure of cognitive functioning in cognitively healthy participants: A meta-analysis and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"30","author":"Agelink van Rentergem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453-460","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.2.453","article-title":"Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities","volume":"23","author":"Tucker-Drob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Statist Soc"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn034","article-title":"Extended Bayesian information criteria for model selection with large model spaces","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0055","article-title":"The brain as a complex system: Using network science as a tool for understanding the brain","volume":"1","author":"Telesford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892-903","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747-757","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","article-title":"Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network","volume":"125","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155205","article-title":"Differences in connection strength between mental symptoms might be explained by differences in variance: Reanalysis of network data did not confirm staging","volume":"11","author":"Terluin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","article-title":"Fast unfolding of communities in large networks","volume":"2008","author":"Blondel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theor Exp"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273-1285","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","article-title":"Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test","volume":"28","author":"Van Borkulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S284645","article-title":"Current understanding of verbal fluency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence to date","volume":"16","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150","article-title":"The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition","volume":"18","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.036","article-title":"Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: A self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency","volume":"49","author":"Birn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.066","article-title":"A common functional brain network for autobiographical, episodic, and semantic memory retrieval","volume":"49","author":"Burianova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83645","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83645","article-title":"The shared and unique neural correlates of personal semantic, general semantic, and episodic memory","volume":"12","author":"Tanguay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00168-9","article-title":"Common prefrontal activations during working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory","volume":"41","author":"Nyberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B60","first-page":"4090-4106","article-title":"Cognitive compensatory mechanisms in normal aging: A study on verbal fluency and the contribution of other cognitive functions","volume":"11","author":"Gonzalez-Burgos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109782","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2015.1109782","article-title":"Episodic and semantic memory functioning in very old age: Explanations from executive functioning and processing speed theories","volume":"2","author":"Spaan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.1.35.8326","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of letter fluency, category fluency, and fluency difference scores in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Cerhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B63","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Organization of memory","author":"Tulving","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000676","article-title":"Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory: Evidence from neuropsychology","volume":"16","author":"Greenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00027","article-title":"The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future","volume":"7","author":"Irish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1202-09.2009","article-title":"Impaired category fluency in medial temporal lobe amnesia: The role of episodic memory","volume":"29","author":"Greenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111386","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations of amyloid burden with semantic cognition in older adults without dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"192","author":"Vonk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B68","unstructured":"Ferguson C . Supplementary analyses to \u201cA network psychometric approach to neurocognition in early Alzheimer's disease\u201d: Differential variability, community structure, and statistical tests. PsyArXiv [Preprint]. 10.31234\/osf.io\/eshgr"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(72)80001-X","article-title":"Levels of processing: A framework for memory research","volume":"11","author":"Craik","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Verbal Learning Verbal Behav"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0283449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283449","article-title":"Semantic-based memory-encoding strategy and cognitive stimulation in enhancing cognitive function and daily task performance for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot non-randomised cluster controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Mraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142547","article-title":"Increased functional connectivity in the default mode network in mild cognitive impairment: A maladaptive compensatory mechanism associated with poor semantic memory performance","volume":"45","author":"Gardini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.1.14.1482","article-title":"Memory performances in young, elderly, and very old healthy individuals versus patients with Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for discontinuity between normal and pathological aging","volume":"20","author":"Carlesimo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790-800","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000836","article-title":"Verbal fluency discrepancies as a marker of the prehippocampal stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000442001","article-title":"A prospective study on how symptoms in a network predict the onset of depression","volume":"85","author":"van Boschloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12333","article-title":"The influence of working memory and processing speed on wider cognitive functioning in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: Initial findings from network modelling and graph theory","volume":"18","author":"Ferguson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84946-4","article-title":"Patients with dementia with Lewy bodies display a signature alteration of their cognitive connectome","volume":"15","author":"Yanez-Perez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B77","first-page":"e70174","article-title":"Gender differences in cognitive reserve: An impact on progression in subjective cognitive decline?","volume":"17","author":"Giacomucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement DADM"},{"key":"2026021006511379500_fcag015-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12538","article-title":"Possible futures for the psychological network approach: Agenda for clinical scientists","volume":"67","author":"Kashihara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn Psychol Res"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag015\/66525900\/fcag015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/fcag015\/66525900\/fcag015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/fcag015\/66525900\/fcag015.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:51:27Z","timestamp":1770724287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag015\/8436063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fcag015"}}