{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1776416303854,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Timely, accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is still challenging for clinicians. It is therefore crucial to identify novel biomarkers to better characterize the early stages of the disease. Here, we assessed cross-sectional brain structure differences between healthy control (HC) and Parkinson's disease participants. We also explored potential correlations between brain structure and distinctive Parkinson's disease clinical features. We analysed T1-weighted brain images from 381 Parkinson's disease patients, primarily in the early stages, and 139 HC participants obtained from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. The image processing protocol included quantification of several brain structure parameters: grey matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness, gyrification index (GI), sulcal depth and surface ratio. Regarding clinical variables, we gathered the Schwab and England score (as a measure of functional capacity), along with four motor symptom scores (bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and postural instability) derived from the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). We found that the left parahippocampal and lingual gyri showed less gyrification in Parkinson's disease patients compared to HC participants. In Parkinson's disease patients, we also identified GI deficits associated with bradykinesia, the main cardinal motor sign, in right parietal (mainly the supramarginal gyrus), temporal and occipital regions. In addition, higher GI and GMV in the occipital cortex were associated with greater functional capacity in Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, the gyrification deficits observed in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients point to the potential value of cortical folding as a biomarker in Parkinson's disease. Our results indicate that GI deficits are closely associated with bradykinesia and impaired functional capacity, possibly reflecting connectivity issues and\/or compensatory mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:43:36Z","timestamp":1774615416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical gyrification deficits in early-stage Parkinson's disease: the importance of bradykinesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Call\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Sant Boi de Llobregat , Barcelona 08830 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat , Barcelona 08950 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Colom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Sant Boi de Llobregat , Barcelona 08830 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Stephan-Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat , Barcelona 08950 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Consorcio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Madrid 28029 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Pediatric Computational Imaging Group (PeCIC), Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Esplugues de Llobregat , Barcelona 08950 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4104-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Research Group, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , Barcelona 08025 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona - Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona 08036 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10291","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26421","article-title":"Neuropathology of \u03b1-synuclein propagation and braak hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"McCann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1312","article-title":"Emerging neuroimaging biomarkers across disease stage in Parkinson disease: A review","volume":"78","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21378","article-title":"Assessment of cortical degeneration in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease by voxel-based morphometry, cortical folding, and cortical thickness","volume":"33","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2015.2465951","article-title":"Cortical thinning and cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease without dementia","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041703574021300_fcag094-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25741","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuroimaging initiative. 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