{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T03:10:04Z","timestamp":1778469004335,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":116,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Research Agency"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, AEI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["FFI2013-40526P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFI2013-40526P"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PID2019-105241 GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105241 GB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Language is universal in humans, develops robustly in infancy and is rarely absent entirely in aphasia following strokes. Non- or minimally verbal children, in whom language has not developed by school age in either production or comprehension, thus provide an unparalleled window into the human brain when language function is minimal. Yet insights from functional MRI are absent. Here we report results from a first study of intrinsic connectivity in nine non- or minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder scanned under sedation with propofol, along with eight typically developing children (scanned awake), using resting-state functional MRI. We targeted both functional connectivity and anatomically constrained, generative effective connectivity in speech and language regions, the insula and associated networks and the hippocampus. Identical analyses were applied to an independent resting-state MRI dataset of healthy adults scanned both under propofol and while awake, to evaluate sedation confounds. Non- or minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder, compared to their neurotypical peers, showed a widespread pattern of hypoconnectivity in auditory speech perception, fronto-temporal and semantic processing regions, which extended further to the insula and the hippocampus. Effective connectivity results selectively replicated these patterns, which correlated with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule behavioural scores within the group of non- or minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder. This hypoconnectivity pattern extended neither to the adults scanned under propofol, nor to the visual cortex used as a control region in non- or minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder, supporting that this pattern of results is not explained by sedation. Together, this first evidence from intrinsic connectivity reveals a broad pattern of underconnectivity across key cognitive networks, which provides a neural correlate for the significant breakdown of language-related cognitive functions in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:32:30Z","timestamp":1777116750000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain function in language and associated networks in non- or minimally verbal children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Monta\u00f1a-Valverde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation and Language Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika C","family":"Linke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA 92182 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Slu\u0161n\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation and Language Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Muchart-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u , Barcelona 08950 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fornells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona 08907 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08035 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats, ICREA , Barcelona 08010 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Deco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats, ICREA , Barcelona 08010 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Hinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation and Language Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona 08018 ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats, ICREA , Barcelona 08010 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"2026051023064461900_fcag151-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba7830","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba7830","article-title":"Speech perception at birth: The brain encodes fast and slow temporal information","volume":"6","author":"Cabrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026051023064461900_fcag151-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13594","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13594","article-title":"Can you see what I am talking about? 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