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However, the impact of specific factors, such as age of first exposure and cumulative head impact burden, on white matter integrity remains unclear. This study investigated in vivo white matter microstructural changes using diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics in 165 male former American football players (mean age 57.3 years, range 45\u201374) and 52 unexposed asymptomatic male controls (mean age 59.4 years, range 45\u201374) in the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. Compared to controls, former football players exhibited significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in 1.97% of the white matter skeleton (1552 voxels; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.587) and higher tissue-corrected FA (FAt) in 1.48% of the white matter skeleton (1004 voxels; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.616). No significant differences were observed for mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, or free water between football players and controls. Among football players, there were no significant differences in the white matter microstructure between players diagnosed with traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and those without the diagnosis. Lower FA was significantly associated with older age (P &amp;lt; 0.00001) and an earlier age of first exposure to tackle football (P &amp;lt; 0.01), while lower FAt was associated with greater cumulative head impact burden, specifically higher linear acceleration (P &amp;lt; 0.04) and rotational force (P &amp;lt; 0.02). This study highlights the influential role of exposure factors on white matter microstructure in former American football players, as well as the utility of diffusion tensor imaging to aid in characterizing the long-term effects of repetitive head impacts in contact sport athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:49:04Z","timestamp":1780055344000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dose-dependent white matter changes associated with repetitive head impacts in former American football players"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5565-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Arciniega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , NewYork, NY 10016 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"NYU Langone Concussion Center, NYU Langone Health 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