{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:47:23Z","timestamp":1782240443382,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":160,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032449","name":"Fondation FRANCE Scl\u00e9rose en Plaques","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Neuroscience Translational Research Infrastructure"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDM201906008575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDM201906008575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H\u00f4pital National des 15\u201320"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The visual pathway is an important model system for remyelination and neuroprotection trials in multiple sclerosis, due to its accessibility and the availability of validated methods including visual evoked potential and optical coherence tomography. However, visual evoked potentials are sometimes undetectable and demonstrate limited reliability after acute optic neuritis. This study aims to investigate novel magnetoencephalography markers for assessing myelin content and neuronal dysfunction in the early phase of optic neuritis and describes their inter-run reproducibility (\u2018over a single visit\u2019) and association with short-term visual outcomes. Patients with unilateral acute optic neuritis were recruited and underwent ophthalmological assessments, brain MRI and magnetoencephalography. Magnetoencephalography data were acquired during visual stimulation with an alternating checkerboard pattern. We used source localization to reconstruct brain activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) and analysed it in the temporal and frequency domains. In the temporal domain, we focused on M100 latency\u2014the magnetic counterpart of P100 latency. In the frequency domain, we assessed the spectral richness of the steady-state evoked field response by harmonic count, which reflects the diversity of frequency components present in the brain signal. Thirty-two patients were included at a median of 54 days [interquartile range = (37.5\u201378)] post-symptom onset of optic neuritis. Among patients with optic neuritis, visual evoked field recordings were detectable in 77% of cases, compared with 66% for visual evoked potential recordings. M100 latency demonstrated an excellent inter-run reproducibility for both fellow and affected eyes [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) &amp;gt;0.8, mean absolute inter-run difference of 2.99 \u00b1 6.53 and 3.76 \u00b1 7.53\u2005ms, respectively]. By comparison, the reproducibility of P100 latency was good for fellow eye (ICC = 0.7, mean absolute inter-run difference of 3.9 \u00b1 6.2\u2005ms) but moderate for affected eye (ICC = 0.6, mean absolute inter-run difference of 9.1 \u00b1 21.8\u2005ms). In the frequency domain, the harmonic count correlated strongly with ganglion cell layer volume (r = 0.68, P = 0.0001), likely reflecting functional consequences of neuronal loss. Measures reflecting demyelination (P100 and M100 latencies) correlated with measures of neuronal damage (ganglion cell layer volume and harmonic count) from both conventional and magnetoencephalography assessments. Visual impairment was associated with neuronal damage (parameter estimates: \u03b2 = 0.49, P = 0.017 for ganglion cell layer volume, \u03b2 = 0.57, P = 0.003 for harmonic count) but not with demyelination measures. Our results highlight magnetoencephalography as a reproducible and comprehensive tool to study both myelin content and neuronal dysfunction shortly after optic neuritis and suggest that, at this early stage, neuronal damage is already the main driver of visual outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:35:49Z","timestamp":1781004949000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetoencephalography biomarkers for assessing myelin content and neuronal function in acute optic neuritis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ysoline","family":"Beigneux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Gitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau\u2014Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rauf","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau\u2014Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Didier","family":"Lemarechal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9 , Marseille 13005 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariem","family":"Hamzaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Inserm, CNRS , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Paques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS Clinical Investigation Center 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Vignal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild Hospital , Paris 75019 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Audo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Unit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9lectrophysiologie Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Maladies Rares REFERET and INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423 , Paris 75012 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Bodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Stankoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Leocani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan 20132 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lubetzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Institut du Cerveau\u2014Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, CENIR, Centre MEG-EEG , Paris 75013 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Louapre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute\u2014ICM, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re , Paris 75013 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Engl"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026062313570995300_fcag218-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00179-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bexarotene in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (CCMR One): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2a study","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026062313570995300_fcag218-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30377-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis (RENEW): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Cadavid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026062313570995300_fcag218-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0575-8","article-title":"Assessment of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis using multifocal visual evoked potential","volume":"32","author":"Klistorner","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026062313570995300_fcag218-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001066","article-title":"Remyelination trials: Are we expecting the unexpected?","volume":"8","author":"Klistorner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. 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