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To evaluate cellular changes induced by these pressure waves, we studied post-mortem prefrontal cortex of military personnel with a history of multiple blast exposures and military controls with no battlefield experience. Chronic increases in IBA1 (microglia) and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein; astrocyte) immunoreactivity occurred in injured brains and also confirmed that GFAP-expressing astrocytes altered predominantly at interface regions of the brain: around blood vessels, the grey-white matter interface and in layer 1, consistent with the pattern of damage seen with blast exposure. We focused on pathologic implications of the astrocyte derived proteins GFAP, aquaporin-4, and connexin-43. Astrocyte morphology in injured samples altered significantly, revealing a disintegrated, beaded shape, with a loss of fine processes. We also observed a shift in astrocyte immunoreactivity, where control brains showed two dominant populations, labelling as either GFAP+ or aquaporin-4+ only, with a smaller portion of co-labelled cells. Samples from injured brains revealed the emergence of a third dominant population of cells with abnormal morphology co-labelled with GFAP and aquaporin-4; significant increases in astrocytes with abnormal morphology also occurred, including those both GFAP+ and aquaporin-4+. Connexin-43, which helps maintain neural homeostasis, significantly co-labelled with aquaporin-4, and not GFAP, in both control and injured brains, suggesting the aquaporin-4 subtype to be homeostatic. Interlaminar astrocytes consistently showed abnormal morphology in injured brains, featuring extensive GFAP+ beaded processes. The GFAP+ beaded processes showed additional characteristics in the injured brains, being surrounded in a ring-like fashion by aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity as well as co-labelling with phosphorylated connexin-43, indicating an inflammatory phenotype. To investigate secondary pathology that might relate to immune dysfunction, immunoreactivity with IgG revealed the presence of autoantibody in injury samples, which primarily labelled neurons in layer 2\u20133 that also co-immunoreacted with complement C3. Half of the interlaminar astrocytes in the injured brains also showed immunoreactivity with C3. We conclude that control human cerebral cortex contains at least two distinct populations that express either GFAP or aquaporin-4, but not both. After military related blast traumatic brain injury, a third population of astrocytes emerges expressing both GFAP and aquaporin-4. Connexin-43 continues to be co-expressed with aquaporin-4, but shifts toward an abnormal morphology. We also find overall chronic alterations in expression of astrocytic proteins that coincide with induction of autoantibodies directed towards neurons and recruit complement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:39:40Z","timestamp":1784288380000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blast injury leads to chronic shifts in protein expression of distinct astrocyte populations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Breehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Priemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P","family":"Perl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD 20814 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072709463020800_fcag263-B1","author":"System MH"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072709463020800_fcag263-B2","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury: What have we learned so far?","volume":"12","author":"Freire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2026072709463020800_fcag263-B3","first-page":"97","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: Etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072709463020800_fcag263-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3487","article-title":"Association of concussion with the risk of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Fralick","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072709463020800_fcag263-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972","article-title":". 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