{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1792579586856,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":293,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020407","name":"European Research Area Network Neuron Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NDD 168164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDD 168164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024134","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["096409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["096409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"United States Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT9425-23-1-0399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Age-related cognitive decline is a common and growing public health challenge, associated with loss of independence, reduced quality of life, increased caregiver burden and substantial healthcare and societal costs. Yet cognitive decline in ageing is heterogeneous, and current clinical constructs do not reliably capture the underlying biological mechanisms or predict progression to dementia. This cross-sectional study examined whether blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) provides a biologically supported correlate of cognitive performance beyond clinical diagnosis. The study included 46 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 46 age-matched controls and 43 young controls. BBBD was assessed using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in 42 patients with MCI and all controls, alongside volumetric brain analysis. Standardized NeuroTrax cognitive assessment data were analysed for 41 MCI patients and 19 age-matched controls. BBBD was analysed using the BBBdetect software (Emagix Inc, Nova Scotia, Canada), quantifying voxelwise and region-wise blood\u2013brain barrier permeability; volumetric analysis was performed using the Volbrain software; and cognitive performance was stratified into low- and high-performance subgroups based on modified z-scores. Compared with young controls, the older cohort (MCI patients combined with age-matched controls) showed significantly greater BBBD volume and regional extent. Permeability increased with age and showed marked inter-individual variability. Across participants, lower cognitive performance was associated with a greater number of regions exhibiting BBBD. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified domain-specific spatial patterns of BBBD linked to poor performance in memory, executive, attention, verbal and motor domains, implicating frontal, cingulate, hippocampal, basal ganglia and cerebellar regions. In contrast, volumetric analyses revealed expected age-related reductions in grey and white matter and cortical thickness along with increased ventricular volume; however, these structural changes showed weak to no associations with cognitive performance. These findings suggest that BBBD is widespread in ageing and that regional BBBD maps to domain-specific cognitive deficits. BBBD thus emerges as a biologically relevant biomarker of age-related cognitive impairment and a potential therapeutic target for preserving cognitive function in ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:35:06Z","timestamp":1792578906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction maps to lower performance in cognitive ageing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sheida","family":"Mirloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neuroscience and the Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine , Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheizaf","family":"Shpilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Zelman Center for Brain Science Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 ,","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joyce & Irving Goldman Medical School at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noam","family":"Druker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Zelman Center for Brain Science Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rotem","family":"Saar-Ashkenazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College , Ashkelon 78211 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Prager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Zelman Center for Brain Science Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shai Baruch","family":"Neustaedter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva 8410101 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gal","family":"Ben-Arie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva 8410101 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Shelef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer Sheva 8410101 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyna","family":"Kamintsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neuroscience and the Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine , Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonatan","family":"Serlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology of Epilepsy Unit, NINDS, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle K","family":"Sandsmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neuroscience and the Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine , Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Center of Neuroscience, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Ramat-Gan 5265601 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadar","family":"Shalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva 8410101 ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02361-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among older adults living in nursing homes: A meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.719849","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.085332","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in medical practice: A critical review of the concept and new diagnostic procedure. Report of the MCI working group of the European consortium on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"Portet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317518791401","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in clinical practice: A review article","volume":"33","author":"Jongsiriyanyong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211065138","volume-title":"World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results","author":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00009","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and apathy in mild cognitive impairment: Current perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.01.002","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"38","author":"Serlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B10","first-page":"313","article-title":"The MRI measurement of NMR and physiological parameters in tissue to study disease process","volume":"363","author":"Tofts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.002","article-title":"Assessment of blood-brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Heye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.11.007","article-title":"Analyzing the blood-brain barrier: The benefits of medical imaging in research and clinical practice","volume":"38","author":"Chassidim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx073","article-title":"Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a biomarker for epileptogenesis","volume":"140","author":"Bar-Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v15.i6.103661","article-title":"Diagnostic dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging blood-brain barrier assessment combined with plasma biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01529-1","article-title":"Assessing blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its association with Alzheimer\u2019s pathology, cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation","volume":"16","author":"Preis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1546236","article-title":"Insights from DCE-MRI: Blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in the context of MS relapses and methylprednisolone treatment","volume":"19","author":"Cramer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025247","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage: A new biomarker in transient ischemic attacks","volume":"50","author":"Serlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18145","article-title":"Imaging blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction in drug-resistant epilepsy: A multi-center feasibility study","volume":"66","author":"Cafri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107974","article-title":"Optimal cut-off scores for the Mini mental state examination and Montreal cognitive assessment to detect MCI and dementia in multiple system atrophy","volume":"138","author":"Cuoco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:24:1:033","article-title":"Validity of the MindstreamsTM computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"24","author":"Dwolatzky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2682","article-title":"Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction in football players","volume":"71","author":"Weissberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa140","article-title":"Slow blood-to-brain transport underlies enduring barrier dysfunction in American football players","volume":"143","author":"Veksler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102049","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier imaging as a potential biomarker for bipolar disorder progression","volume":"26","author":"Kamintsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218004","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with gray matter loss and cognitive impairment","volume":"79","author":"Kamintsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20314","article-title":"High-resolution T1 and T2 mapping of the brain in a clinically acceptable time with DESPOT1 and DESPOT2","volume":"53","author":"Deoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25540","article-title":"Measuring subtle leakage of the blood\u2013brain barrier in cerebrovascular disease with DCE-MRI: Test\u2013retest reproducibility and its influencing factors","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.11.016","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier imaging in human neuropathologies","volume":"45","author":"Veksler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-9","article-title":"Quantitative imaging assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability in humans","volume":"10","author":"Chassidim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"29","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-16.2016","article-title":"Glutamate-mediated blood\u2013brain barrier opening: Implications for neuroprotection and drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Vazana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"JUL","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B30","article-title":"Volbrain: An online MRI brain volumetry system","volume":"10","author":"Manj\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.013","article-title":"Normal age-related brain morphometric changes: Nonuniformity across cortical thickness, surface area and gray matter volume?","volume":"33","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2087","article-title":"Aging of cerebral white matter: A review of MRI findings","volume":"24","author":"Gunning-Dixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.02.004","article-title":"Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[11C]verapamil and positron emission tomography","volume":"79","author":"Toornvliet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90218-V","article-title":"Age-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations","volume":"104","author":"Garton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.034225","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier permeability is associated with cognitive functioning in normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Hergert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1370","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00709.2020","article-title":"Demonstration of age-related blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebromicrovascular rarefaction in mice by longitudinal intravital two-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography","volume":"320","author":"Ny\u00fal-T\u00f3th","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"521","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw8283","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyperactivation of TGF\u03b2 signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Senatorov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6483","article-title":"Dynamic blood-brain barrier regulation in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001164","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and exposure to head impacts in university football players","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103236","article-title":"Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI for characterization of blood-brain-barrier dysfunction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Ware","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02189-6","article-title":"Increase of blood-brain barrier leakage is related to cognitive decline in vascular mild cognitive impairment","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus","volume":"85","author":"Montagne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65944-y","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier integrity is linked to cognitive function, but not to cerebral arterial pulsatility, among elderly","volume":"14","author":"Vikner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.1107","article-title":"Conceptual overview of biological age estimation","volume":"14","author":"Salih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-00973-9","article-title":"From spreading depolarization to blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction: Navigating traumatic brain injury for novel diagnosis and therapy","volume":"20","author":"van Hameren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22311","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, TGF\u03b2 signaling, and astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy","volume":"60","author":"Heinemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac343","article-title":"Resting state functional connectivity in SLE patients and association with cognitive impairment and blood\u2013brain barrier permeability","volume":"62","author":"Hanly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"521","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw8954","article-title":"Paroxysmal slow cortical activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and epilepsy is associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Milikovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25364","article-title":"Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3\u201390 years","volume":"43","author":"Frangou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a82634","article-title":"Longitudinal pattern of regional brain volume change differentiates normal aging from MCI","volume":"72","author":"Driscoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.044","article-title":"Mapping ventricular expansion onto cortical gray matter in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Madsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3182163b62","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy and ventricular enlargement in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer disease","volume":"26","author":"Apostolova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102106350247400_fcag342-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.006","article-title":"Global and local gray matter loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Karas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/5\/fcag342\/72231060\/fcag342.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/5\/fcag342\/72231060\/fcag342.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:35:14Z","timestamp":1792578914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag342\/8961950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fcag342"}}