{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:47:56Z","timestamp":1791989276344,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":283,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"South-Eastern Norway Regional Health authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Barnestiftelsen"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008564","name":"Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially sighted","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022603","name":"DSM Nutritional Products Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022603","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Formulaid"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that serve as key structural components of neuronal cell membranes and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. They accumulate most rapidly during the third trimester of pregnancy, leaving very preterm infants deprived at birth. We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation to medium chain triglycerides oil and assessed effects on white matter maturation using advanced diffusion imaging techniques. We used tract-based spatial statistics to localize significant changes across major tracts. Diffusion kurtosis imaging and Bayesian rotation invariant approach were applied to describe white matter microstructure within the intra- and extra-axonal water compartments enabling a more detailed characterization of tissue changes. These advanced diffusion MRI data were acquired at term-equivalent age for 64 infants born before 29 weeks of gestation, including 33 in the supplemented group and 31 in the control group. We identified significantly higher fractional anisotropy and lower radial diffusivity in several white matter regions in the supplemented group, mostly pronounced in areas that myelinate early. There were no significant differences in diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics between the two groups, but the Bayesian rotational invariant approach revealed several significant differences. This might illustrate a different developmental trajectory in the supplemented group compared to the control group. Applying advanced diffusion models can potentially provide a deeper understanding of early brain development and facilitate opportunities for early detection and intervention for preterm children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:48:11Z","timestamp":1791632891000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation affects white matter microstructure in preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gunnthorunn","family":"Gunnarsdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oslo University Hospital , 0424 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan I","family":"Maximov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences , 5025 Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver Marcel","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Computational Radiology, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tone","family":"Nordvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Ramm-Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oslo University Hospital , 0424 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Stiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7209-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sissel J","family":"Moltu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo 0424 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle Cecilie Viekilde","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric and Neurological Departments, Danish Epilepsy Centre , 4293 Dianalund ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016","article-title":"Dysmaturation of premature brain: Importance, cellular mechanisms, and potential interventions","volume":"95","author":"Volpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.047","article-title":"Regional growth and atlasing of the developing human brain","volume":"125","author":"Makropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00803-2","article-title":"Preterm birth and sustained inflammation: Consequences for the neonate","volume":"42","author":"Humberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000514740","article-title":"Preterm nutrition and the brain","volume":"122","author":"Ramel","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.04.039","article-title":"Decreased postnatal docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid blood levels in premature infants are associated with neonatal morbidities","volume":"159","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101165","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions","volume":"86","author":"Dyall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"issue":"7503","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13479","article-title":"Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology","volume":"510","author":"Serhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.11.037","article-title":"Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and brain maturation in preterm infants; a double blind RCT","volume":"43","author":"Moltu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3998","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3998","article-title":"Quantifying brain microstructure with diffusion MRI: Theory and parameter estimation","volume":"32","author":"Novikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.058","article-title":"Disentangling micro from mesostructure by diffusion MRI: A Bayesian approach","volume":"147","author":"Reisert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.006","article-title":"White matter characterization with diffusional kurtosis imaging","volume":"58","author":"Fieremans","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2024.100323","article-title":"Distinct longitudinal brain white matter microstructure changes and associated polygenic risk of common psychiatric disorders and Alzheimer's disease in the UK biobank","volume":"4","author":"Korbmacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45282-3","article-title":"Brain asymmetries from mid- to late life and hemispheric brain age","volume":"15","author":"Korbmacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02425-x","article-title":"Effects of nutrition therapy on growth, inflammation and metabolism in immature infants: A study protocol of a double-blind randomized controlled trial (ImNuT)","volume":"21","author":"Wendel","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.12.024","article-title":"A standardized feeding protocol ensured recommended nutrient intakes and prevented growth faltering in preterm infants &lt; 29 weeks gestation","volume":"53","author":"Rossholt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.033","article-title":"Improving diffusion MRI using simultaneous multi-slice echo planar imaging","volume":"63","author":"Setsompop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24691","article-title":"Towards an optimised processing pipeline for diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data: Effects of artefact corrections on diffusion metrics and their age associations in UK biobank","volume":"40","author":"Maximov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26054","article-title":"Gibbs-ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel-shifts","volume":"76","author":"Kellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","article-title":"How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: Application to diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.058","article-title":"Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion MR images","volume":"141","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23 Suppl 1","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20508","article-title":"Diffusional kurtosis imaging: The quantification of non-Gaussian water diffusion by means of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"53","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1076","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications","volume":"13","author":"Le Bihan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.015","article-title":"Intra-axonal diffusivity in brain white matter","volume":"189","author":"Dhital","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27101","article-title":"On modeling","volume":"79","author":"Novikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B27","author":"Reisert"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25424","article-title":"Fast qualitY conTrol meThod foR derIved diffUsion metrics (YTTRIUM) in big data analysis: U.K. Biobank 18,608 example","volume":"42","author":"Maximov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"imag-2-00144","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00144","article-title":"Objective QC for diffusion MRI data: Artefact detection using normative modelling","volume":"2","author":"Cirstian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci (Camb)"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060","article-title":"Permutation inference for the general linear model","volume":"92","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.11.012","article-title":"Effect of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on respiratory outcomes and neonatal morbidities in preterm infants","volume":"42","author":"Wendel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B32","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications","author":"Jelescu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01090-x","article-title":"Diffusion kurtosis imaging and diffusion weighted imaging comparison in diagnosis of early hypoxic\u2013ischemic brain edema","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74387-0","article-title":"Diffusion kurtosis imaging and pathological comparison of early hypoxic\u2013ischemic brain damage in newborn piglets","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04434-x","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy: A diffusional kurtosis imaging analysis of white matter to assess injury severity and recovery","volume":"99","author":"Moss","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02256-1","article-title":"Structural and functional brain asymmetries in the early phases of life: A scoping review","volume":"227","author":"Bisiacchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060070024012","article-title":"Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: III. A hypothesis and a program for research","volume":"42","author":"Geschwind","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","article-title":"NODDI: Practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac091","article-title":"Altered cortical microstructure in preterm infants at term-equivalent age relative to term-born neonates","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.065","article-title":"Early development of structural networks and the impact of prematurity on brain connectivity","volume":"149","author":"Batalle","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108908","article-title":"NODDI in clinical research","volume":"346","author":"Kamiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217118","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217118","article-title":"Optimizing the intrinsic parallel diffusivity in NODDI: An extensive empirical evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Guerrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101410121849200_fcag362-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2016.12.007","article-title":"Multidimensional diffusion MRI","volume":"275","author":"Topgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"}],"container-title":["Brain Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag362\/71838648\/fcag362.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/5\/fcag362\/71838648\/fcag362.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article-pdf\/8\/5\/fcag362\/71838648\/fcag362.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:12:26Z","timestamp":1791987146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/braincomms\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag362\/8907367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcag362","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-1297"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-1297","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fcag362"}}